Phytochemical diversity and synergistic effects on herbivores
Phytochemical diversity and synergistic effects on herbivores
复制标题
DOI：
10.1007/s11101-016-9479-8
复制
发表时间：
2016-10
影响因子：
7.7
通讯作者：
Lora A. Richards;Andrea E. Glassmire;Kaitlin M. Ochsenrider;Angela M. Smilanich;C. Dodson;C. Jeffrey;L. Dyer
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lora A. Richards;Andrea E. Glassmire;Kaitlin M. Ochsenrider;Angela M. Smilanich;C. Dodson;C. Jeffrey;L. Dyer
多种植物次生代谢物在上层营养水平上的协同效应是共同进化和生态相互作用中一个尚未被充分探索但可能广泛存在的组成部分。植物次生代谢物协同驱虫的例子并不常见，许多研究都集中在天然产物的药物应用上，其中的活性是偶然的，而不是进化的反应。这篇综述总结了一些测试协同植物防御的理想系统，并利用集中的荟萃分析来检查已经测试了多种化合物对昆虫的影响的研究。由于生态协同研究的缺乏，我们能够从荟萃分析中报告的少数协同模式之一是植物化学混合物对通才食草动物的总体影响大于专业食草动物。我们建议关注化学生态学项目的协同作用，并建议未来的假设检验和方法。这些方法不是集中在分子生物学技术来检查细胞水平上的机制，而是我们建议首先通过结合有机合成，分离，化学生态学，生物测定和定量分析的最佳方法来揭示协同作用的存在。我们推荐的方法产生的数据应该为类内和类间化合物如何协同作用以阻止昆虫，破坏免疫反应并最终促进多样化的重要假设提供严格的测试。进一步的协同研究还应有助于确定抗草食动物协同作用是否在植物次生代谢物中广泛存在，这将与协同防御是植物中发现的进化多样化学混合物的关键属性的假设相一致。
Synergistic effects of multiple plant secondary metabolites on upper trophic levels constitute an underexplored but potentially widespread component of coevolution and ecological interactions. Examples of plant secondary metabolites acting synergistically as insect deterrents are not common, and many studies focus on the pharmaceutical applications of natural products, where activity is serendipitous and not an evolved response. This review summarizes some systems that are ideal for testing synergistic plant defenses and utilizes a focused meta-analysis to examine studies that have tested effects of multiple compounds on insects. Due to a dearth of ecological synergy studies, one of the few patterns for synergy that we are able to report from the meta-analysis is that phytochemical mixtures have a larger overall effect on generalist herbivores than specialist herbivores. We recommend a focus on synergy in chemical ecology programs and suggest future hypothesis tests and methods. These approaches are not focused on techniques in molecular biology to examine mechanisms at the cellular level, rather we recommend uncovering the existence of synergy first, by combining the best methods in organic synthesis, isolation, chemical ecology, bioassays, and quantitative analyses. Data generated by our recommended methods should provide rigorous tests of important hypotheses on how intraclass and interclass compounds act synergistically to deter insects, disrupt the immune response, and ultimately contribute to diversification. Further synergy research should also contribute to determining if antiherbivore synergy is widespread among plant secondary metabolites, which would be consistent with the hypothesis that synergistic defenses are a key attribute of the evolved diverse chemical mixtures found in plants.