Narrowing the Transmission Gap: A Synthesis of Three Decades of Research on Intergenerational Transmission of Attachment
Narrowing the Transmission Gap: A Synthesis of Three Decades of Research on Intergenerational Transmission of Attachment
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DOI：
10.1037/bul0000038
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发表时间：
2016-04-01
影响因子：
22.4
通讯作者：
van IJzendoorn, Marinus H.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Verhage, Marije L.;Schuengel, Carlo;van IJzendoorn, Marinus H.
20年前，元分析结果（k = 19）证实了照顾者依恋表征与儿童-照顾者依恋之间的关联（Van IJzendoorn, 1995）。一项对照顾者敏感性的测试显示，这种代际传递背后的机制存在一个有趣的“传递差距”。从那时起，依恋的代际传递和传递差距得到了广泛的研究，现在已经扩展到来自全球各地的不同人群。二十年后，本综述重新审视了代际传播的效应大小、传播效应的异质性以及传播差距的大小。共有95份样本（N = 4,819）进行了分析。所有分析都证实了依恋的代际传递，安全自主传递的效应值（r = 0.31）大于未解决传递的效应值（r = 0.21），尽管其效应值明显小于20年前的效应值（r = 0.47和r = 0.31）。效应大小受样本的风险状况、照料儿童的夫妇的生物学亲缘关系和儿童年龄的影响。多变量调节分析显示，未发表的和较新的研究的效应量小于已发表的和较早的研究。通径分析表明，这种传播不能完全用照顾者的敏感性来解释，最近的研究缩小了但没有弥合“传播差距”。讨论了依恋理论的启示和未来的研究方向。
Twenty years ago, meta-analytic results (k = 19) confirmed the association between caregiver attachment representations and child-caregiver attachment (Van IJzendoorn, 1995). A test of caregiver sensitivity as the mechanism behind this intergenerational transmission showed an intriguing "transmission gap." Since then, the intergenerational transmission of attachment and the transmission gap have been studied extensively, and now extend to diverse populations from all over the globe. Two decades later, the current review revisited the effect sizes of intergenerational transmission, the heterogeneity of the transmission effects, and the size of the transmission gap. Analyses were carried out with a total of 95 samples (total N = 4,819). All analyses confirmed intergenerational transmission of attachment, with larger effect sizes for secure-autonomous transmission (r =.31) than for unresolved transmission (r = .21), albeit with significantly smaller effect sizes than 2 decades earlier (r = .47 and r = .31, respectively). Effect sizes were moderated by risk status of the sample, biological relatedness of child-caregiver dyads, and age of the children. Multivariate moderator analyses showed that unpublished and more recent studies had smaller effect sizes than published and older studies. Path analyses showed that the transmission could not be fully explained by caregiver sensitivity, with more recent studies narrowing but not bridging the "transmission gap." Implications for attachment theory as well as future directions for research are discussed.