Spine Surgery: Techniques, Complication Avoidance and Management
Spine Surgery: Techniques, Complication Avoidance and Management
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作者：
E. Benzel
脊柱手术的并发症是什么？历史。第 1 节：基础知识：脊柱外科疾病的鉴别诊断。先天性脊柱病变的解剖学和病理生理学。获得性脊柱病变的解剖学和病理生理学。实用解剖学和基础生物力学。材料和材料特性。脊柱手术决策过程的基础知识。避免并发症的术前和手术计划。第二节：脊柱的手术方法和暴露：颈椎。胸椎。腰椎和骶椎。第三节：外科手术：脊柱减压和关节固定术。颈椎：上颈椎和颅颈减压。上颈椎和枕颈关节固定术。腹侧和前外侧轴下减压。用于颈椎的单个和多个单个椎间融合技术。用于下轴颈椎融合的椎间支撑技术。椎板切开术、椎板切除术、椎板成形术和椎间孔切开术。棘突间、层状和小面颈椎融合术、脊柱减压和关节固定术。胸腰椎：腹侧和腹外侧颈胸椎、胸椎、胸腰椎、腰椎和腰骶椎减压和融合。胸椎和腰椎的横向腔外减压和融合。腹侧胸椎和胸腰椎的胸膜后入路。椎板切开术、椎板切除术、椎板成形术和椎间孔切开术。后路腰椎椎间融合术。前路腰椎椎间融合术。后侧和外侧胸椎和腰椎融合，椎间盘切除术：颈椎间盘切除术。胸椎间盘切除术。腰椎间盘切除术。经皮椎间盘切除术、脊柱手术治疗关节炎及相关疾病：颈椎病。胸椎和腰椎病。脊椎滑脱。退行性旋转性脊柱侧凸：冠状面腰椎畸形矫正。类风湿关节炎。强直性脊柱炎及相关疾病。后纵韧带骨化。休门氏病，畸形减少：颅颈交界处畸形。颈椎轴下畸形。胸椎和腰椎畸形。新生儿和儿童脊柱畸形、肿瘤、血管畸形及相关病变：髓内脊髓病变。髓外硬膜内脊髓病变。脊髓硬膜内血管畸形。脊髓硬脑膜血管畸形。马尾病变。原发性骨性脊柱病变。转移性脊柱病变。佩吉特病。枕大孔病变/骶骨病变、小儿脊柱手术和先天性畸形手术：隐匿性脊柱闭合不全和脊髓栓系。脑膜脊髓膨出和相关异常。骶前部脑膜膨出及相关病变。 Chiari 畸形和脊髓空洞症、辅助治疗困境和复杂的手术问题：创伤后颈椎间隙。血运重建和疤痕预防。脊柱闭合。重做脊柱操作。穿透性脊柱创伤。空腔化支柱移植物。疼痛和痉挛。骨移植收获。手术时机。微创减压和稳定技术。肥胖患者。吸烟、骨骼愈合和脊柱融合。老年患者。交感神经系统手术。周围神经手术的并发症，第四节脊柱器械。手术技术：工程师的基本解剖学和外科医生的力学。脊柱植入物属性：分散、压缩和三点弯曲。脊柱植入物属性：悬臂梁固定。高位颈椎螺钉固定技术。高位颈椎和枕颈板、棒、线和骨技术。前路轴下颈椎固定技术。腹侧和外侧胸腰椎固定技术。背侧轴下颈椎器械技术。后胸椎和腰椎。螺钉固定和椎弓根固定技术。后胸椎和腰椎。简单的钩杆、线材和线材技术。后胸椎和腰椎。通用脊柱器械技术。后胸椎和腰椎。组合和复杂的技术。腰椎骨盆固定的复杂技术。颈椎结构设计。胸腰椎结构设计。脊柱畸形和畸形矫正的基础知识。第五节：专题：手术辅助：手术切口、定位和回缩。失血。术前影像学。术中影像学。用于放射外科/术中诱发电位监测的立体定向。术中脊髓电图监测。术中非麻痹监测。脊柱手术麻醉，非手术管理：围手术期管理。重症监护。营养支持。皮肤和伤口护理。成人和儿童脊髓损伤。颈椎牵引。矫形器：并发症的预防和管理。脊柱受伤的运动员：决策困境。颈部和背部疼痛、特定并发症的非手术治疗。避免和管理：神经系统并发症。血管和软组织并发症。术后脊柱变形。蛛网膜炎。感染性并发症。医疗并发症。脑脊液瘘。骨不连：预防和管理，后记：经济学和实践管理。争议的本质：脊柱外科医生的姿势。颈椎前路减压和融合：是否进行钢板固定。颈椎病伴轻微脊髓病：不减压。脊柱退行性疾病患者的慢性机械性腰痛：融合与否。不稳定的胸椎创伤需要使用长器械结构来稳定：长融合与短融合。伴有不完全性脊髓病的双侧锁定颈椎关节面：开放与闭合切除。脊柱融合：同种异体移植与自体移植。胸椎和胸腰椎创伤伴腹侧肿块病变和不完全性脊髓病：腹侧手术与背侧手术。脊柱融合失败的再次手术：是否使用脊柱刺激器增强融合。伴有完全性脊髓病和 40 度后凸畸形的胸腰椎骨折患者的治疗：手术或卧床治疗。脊柱手术的伦理和法医学方面。
What Is a Complication of Spine Surgery?. History. Section 1: The Fundamentals: Differential Diagnosis of Surgical Disorders of the Spine. Anatomy and Pathophysiology of Congenital Spinal Lesions. Anatomy and Pathophysiology of Acquired Spinal Lesions. Practical Anatomy and Fundamental Biomechanics. Materials and Material Properties. Fundamentals of the Spine Surgery Decision-Making Process. Preoperative and Surgical Planning for Avoiding Complications. Section Ii: Surgical Approaches and Exposures of the Vertebral Column: the Cervical Spine. The Thoracic Spine. The Lumbar and Sacral Spine. Section Iii: Surgical Procedures: Spinal Decompression and Arthrodesis. Cervical: Upper Cervical and Craniocervical Decompression. Upper Cervical and Occipitocervical Arthrodesis. Ventral and Anterolateral Subaxial Decompression. Single and Multiple Single Interbody Fusion Techniques for Cervical Spine. Interbody Strut Techniques for Subaxial Cervical Spine Fusion. Laminotomy, Laminectomy, Laminoplasty, And Foraminotomy. Interspinous, Laminar, And Facet Cervical Fusion, Spinal Decompression and Arthrodesis. Thoracic and Lumbar: Ventral and Ventrolateral Cervicothoracic, Thoracic, Thoracolumbar, Lumbar, And Lumbosacral Spine Decompression and Fusion. Lateral Extracavitary Decompression and Fusion of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine. The Retropleural Approach to the Ventral Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Spine. Laminotomy, Laminectomy, Laminoplasty, And Foraminotomy. Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion. Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion. Posterior and Lateral Thoracic and Lumbar Fusion, Discectomy: Cervical Discectomy. Thoracic Discectomy. Lumbar Discectomy. Percutaneous Approaches to Discectomy, Spinal Surgery for Arthritides and Related Disorders: Cervical Spondylosis. Thoracic and Lumbar Spondylosis. Spondylolisthesis. Degenerative Rotary Scoliosis: Coronal Plane Lumbar Spine Deformity Correction. Rheumatoid Arthritis. Ankylosing Spondylitis and Related Disorders. Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament. Scheuermann's Disease, Deformity Reduction: Craniocervical Junction Deformities. Subaxial Cervical Deformity. Thoracic and Lumbar Deformities. Neonatal and Pediatric Spinal Deformities, Tumors, Vascular Malformations and Related Lesions: Intramedullary Spinal Cord Lesions. Extramedullary Intradural Spinal Lesions. Spinal Intradural Vascular Malformations. Spinal Dural Vascular Malformations. Cauda Equina Lesions. Primary Bony Spinal Lesions. Metastatic Spinal Lesions. Paget's Disease. Formamen Magnum Lesions /Sacral Lesions, Pediatric Spinal Surgery and Surgery for Congenital Anolomies: Occult Spinal Dysraphism and the Tethered Spinal Cord. Meningomyelocele and Associated Anomalies. Anterior Sacral Meningocele and Related Lesions. Chiari Malformation and Syringomyelia, Adjunctive Management Dilemmas and Complex Surgical Problems: Post-Traumatic Cervical Spine Clearance. Revascularization and Scar Prevention. Spinal Closure. Redo Spine Operations. Penetrating Spinal Trauma. Vacularized Strut Grafts. Pain and Spasticity. Bone Graft Harvest. Timing of Surgery. Minimally Invasive Decompression and Stabilization Techniques. The Obese Patient. Smoking, Bone Healing and Spinal Fusion. The Geriatric Patient. Surgery of the Sympathetic Nervous System. Complications of Peripheral Nerve Surgery Section Iv Spinal Instrumentation. Surgical Technique: Basic Anatomy for Engineers and Mechanics for Surgeons. Spinal Implant Attributes: Distraction, Compression, And Three-Point Bending. Spinal Implant Attributes: Cantilever Beam Fixation. High Cervical Screw Fixation Techniques. High Cervical and Occipitocervical Plate, Rod, Wire and Bone Techniques. Anterior Subaxial Cervical Fixation Techniques . Ventral and Lateral Thoracic Lumbar Fixation Techniques. Dorsal Subaxial Cervical Instrumentation Techniques. Posterior Thoracic and Lumbar. Screw Fixation and Pedicle Fixation Techniques. Posterior Thoracic and Lumbar. Simple Hook-Rod, Wire, And Wire-Rod Techniques. Posterior Thoracic and Lumbar. Universal Spinal Instrumentation Techniques. Posterior Thoracic and Lumbar. Combined and Complex Techniques. Complex Techniques of Lumbosacropelvic Fixation. Cervical Spine Construct Design. Thoracolumbar Construct Design. The Fundamentals of Spine Deformity and Deformity Correction. Section V: Special Topics: Adjuncts to Surgery: Surgical Incisions, Positioning and Retraction. Blood Loss. Preoperative Imaging. Intraoperative Imaging. Stereotaxis for Radiosurgery/ Intraoperative-Evoked Potential Monitoring. Intraoperative Electromyelographic Monitoring. Intraoperative Nonparalytic Monitoring. Anesthesia for Spine Surgery, Non-Surgical Management: Perioperative Management. Critical Care. Nutritional Support. Skin and Wound Care. Adult and Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury. Cervical Traction. Orthoses: Complication Prevention and Management. The Spinally Injured Athlete: the Decision-Making Dilemma. The Nonoperative Management of Neck and Back Pain, Specific Complications. Avoidance and Management: Neurological Complications. Vascular and Soft Tissue Complications. Postoperative Spinal Deformation. Arachnoiditis. Infectious Complications. Medical Complications. Csf Fistula. Nonunion: Prevention and Management, Postscript: Economics and Practice Management. The Nature of Controversy: the Spine Surgeon's Posture. Anterior Cervical Decompression and Fusion: to Plate or Not. Cervical Spondylosis with Minimal Myelopathy: to Decompressor Not. Chronic Mechanical Low Back Pain in the Patient with Degenerative Disease of the Spine: to Fuse or Not. Unstable Thoracic Spine Trauma Requiring Stabilization with a Long Instrumentation Construct: Long Versus Short Fusion. Bilateral Locked Cervical Facets with Incomplete Myelopathy: Open Versus Closed Recution. Spinal Fusion: Allograft Versus Autograft. Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Spine Trauma with a Ventral Mass Lesion and an Incomplete Myelopathy: Ventral Versus Dorsal Operation. Reoperation for Failed Spinal Fusion: Augmentation of Fusion with Spinal Stimulator or Not. Management of a Patient with a Thoracolumbar Fracture with Complete Myelopathy and a 40 Degree Kyphotic Deformity: Operative or Recumbent Management. Ethical and Medicolegal Aspects of Spinal Surgery.