The Romanian Party System and the Catch-All Party Phenomenon
The Romanian Party System and the Catch-All Party Phenomenon
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罗马尼亚政党制度与包罗万象的政党现象
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发表时间：
1994
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通讯作者：
Steven D. Roper
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作者：
Steven D. Roper
政党在发展政府与个人、精英和普通民众之间的联系方面发挥着重要作用。此外，政党有助于塑造更广泛的政治体系。因此，政党是民族国家的重要组成部分。政党为民族国家的发展和维持过程中预期的冲突和妥协提供了一个论坛（Rokkan，1970：pp. 120-138）。虽然政党是国家的一种力量，但也有施加在政党身上的压力。(1)如果唐斯确实是正确的，一个政党是“一群寻求通过在正式选举中获得职位来控制统治机器的人”，那么政党对选民内部的变化做出反应，以最大限度地增加赢得职位的机会（1957：p.25）。这就是基希海默“全能党”理论背后的逻辑。根据Kirchheimer（1966）的说法，由于对政党忠诚度的下降，西欧群众政党的动员能力已经减弱。第二次世界大战后，政党开始向全能政党转型，以实现旧的群众性政党的整合能力。基希海默认为，一个包罗万象的政党的典型特征是对“在社区中几乎不可能遇到阻力的问题”感兴趣，并“吸引最多的选民”（第186页;第193页）。因此，他得出结论，一个无所不包的政党只能出现在“去意识形态化”的时代。“基希海默的理论与唐斯（1957）和杜沃格（1962）的先前研究很一致;然而，这种包罗万象的政党理论是否适用于非西方的政党制度？本文将分析东欧的全能政党现象。具体而言，本文将审查伞式组织，如罗马尼亚的民主大会，是否有助于群众基础的政党转变为包罗万象、基础广泛的政党。这是一个重要的问题，原因有二。第一，通过探讨罗马尼亚政党转型的本质，我们可以更好地理解该国的国家建设进程。从一党主导的制度向多党制的过渡影响着国家建设的进程。其次，这项研究使我们能够调查西欧的概念在东欧的背景下的适当性。有些人可能会说，在东欧政党发展进程中，讨论东欧的无所不包政党还为时过早。毫无疑问，在东欧发展稳定的政党制度将需要几十年，如果不是几代人的话。然而，Roskin（1993）等人已经指出，前捷克斯洛伐克、波兰、匈牙利甚至保加利亚等东欧国家已经发展出了无所不包的政党。因此，本文试图通过创建一个政党类型学，为东欧，更具体地说是罗马尼亚的无所不包政党的讨论提供一个理论基础。本文将首先使用2x2的研究设计来考察罗马尼亚不同类型的政党，然后评估民主大会是否促进了全能政党的发展。政党类型学政党类型学的发展没有考虑到对发展稳定的政党制度至关重要的一系列问题。例如，我没有具体讨论选举法如何影响政党制度发展的问题。这里提出的类型学解决了一个基本问题：我们如何对政党进行分类，以便在它们之间进行有用的区分？关于选举法的问题，我认为在赢者通吃制度或比例代表制中可以找到无所不包的政党。美国和德国就是明显的例子。这里提出的类型学是Duverger（1962）和Lipset和Rokkan（1967）的政党研究的延伸。…
Political parties play an important role in the development of linkages between the government and the individual, the elite and the rank-and-file. Moreover, parties help to shape the broader political system. In this way, parties are an essential component of the nation-state. Parties provide a forum for the conflict and compromise that is expected during the development and maintenance of a nation-state (Rokkan, 1970: pp. 120-138). While parties act as a force upon the state, there are also pressures that are placed upon the party.(1) If indeed Downs is correct and a party is a "team of men seeking to control the governing apparatus by gaining office in a duly constituted election," then parties respond to changes within the electorate in order to maximize their opportunity to win office (1957: p. 25). This is the logic behind Kirchheimer's theory of the "catch-all" party. According to Kirchheimer (1966), the mobilizing capabilities of mass parties has diminished in Western Europe due to decreasing party loyalty. Following World War II, parties began to transform themselves into catch-all parties in order to achieve the integrative ability of the old mass parties. Kirchheimer argues that a catch-all party is typified by an interest in "issues which are scarcely liable to meet resistance in the community" and "attracting a maximum of voters" (p. 186; p. 193). He concludes, therefore, that a catch-all party can only appear at a time of "deideologization." Kirchheimer's theory accords well with the prior research of Downs (1957) and Duverger (1962); however, is this theory of the catch-all party applicable to non-Western party systems? This article shall analyze the catch-all party phenomenon in Eastern Europe. Specifically, this article shall examine whether umbrella organizations, such as the Democratic Convention in Romania, assist mass-based parties in their transformation into catch-all, broad-based parties. This is an important question for two reasons. First, by exploring the nature of party transformation in Romania, we will come to better understand the process of nation-building in that country. The transition from a one-party dominant system to a multi-party system affects the process of nationbuilding. Second, this research allows us to investigate the appropriateness of Western European concepts in an Eastern European context. Some might argue that a discussion of catch-all parties in Eastern Europe is premature in the process of party development in that region. There is no doubt that the development of stable party systems in Eastern Europe will take decades, if not generations. However, individuals such as Roskin (1993) have already argued that Eastern European countries such as the former Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, and even Bulgaria have developed catch-all parties. Therefore, this article attempts to provide a theoretical basis for the discussion of catch-all parties in Eastern Europe, and more specifically Romania, by creating a typology of parties. This article shall first examine the different types of parties in Romania using a 2 x 2 research design and then assess whether the Democratic Convention facilitates the development of catch-all parties. Typology of Parties The development of this typology of parties does not take into consideration a whole host of issues which are fundamental to the development of a stable party system. I have not, for example, specifically addressed the issue of how electoral laws impact the development of party systems. The typology presented here addresses a fundamental question: How can we classify parties so as to draw useful distinctions between them? On the issue of electoral laws, I would argue that catch-all parties can be found in either winner-take-all systems or proportional representation systems. The United States and Germany would be obvious examples. The typology advanced here is an extension of the party research of Duverger (1962) and Lipset and Rokkan (1967). …