The third wave of science studies: Studies of expertise and experience
The third wave of science studies: Studies of expertise and experience
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DOI：
10.1177/0306312702032002003
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发表时间：
2002-04-01
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Evans, R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Collins, HM;Evans, R
科学研究向我们表明了为何科学技术并非总能解决公共领域的技术问题。特别是，政治决策的速度比形成科学共识的速度更快。近年来的一个主要主题是，有必要将技术决策的范围扩大到具备技术资格的精英群体之外，以增强政治合法性。然而，我们认为，“合法性问题”已被“扩大化问题”所取代——也就是说，存在一种消解专家与公众之间界限的趋势，以至于不再有任何理由限制技术决策权的无限扩大。我们认为，需要科学研究的第三次浪潮——专业技能与经验研究（SEE）——来解决扩大化问题。SEE将包括一种专业技能的规范理论，并将在技术决策中把专业技能与政治权利区分开来。该理论构建了专业技能的类别，首先是互动式专业技能和贡献式专业技能之间的关键区分。还需要对科学类型进行新的分类。我们通过重新审视现有的案例研究，包括布赖恩·温恩对坎布里亚郡养羊农民的研究，来说明这种方法的潜力。有时新理论主张更多的公众参与，有时则主张更少的参与。附录描述了在公共领域技术决策问题上现有的贡献。
Science studies has shown us why science and technology cannot always solve technical problems in the public domain. In particular, the speed of political decision-making is faster than the speed of scientific consensus formation. A predominant motif over recent years has been the need to extend the domain of technical decision-making beyond the technically qualified elite, so as to enhance political legitimacy. We argue, however, that the 'Problem of Legitimacy' has been replaced by the 'Problem of Extension' - that is, by a tendency to dissolve the boundary between experts and the public so that there are no longer any grounds for limiting the indefinite extension of technical decision-making rights. We argue that a Third Wave of Science Studies - Studies of Expertise and Experience (SEE) - is needed to solve the Problem of Extension. SEE will include a normative theory of expertise, and will disentangle expertise from political rights in technical decision-making. The theory builds categories of expertise, starting with the key distinction between interactive expertise and contributory expertise. A new categorization of types of science is also needed. We illustrate the potential of the approach by reexamining existing case studies, including Brian Wynne's study of Cumbrian sheep farmers. Sometimes the new theory argues for more public involvement, sometimes for less. An Appendix describes existing contributions to the problem of technical decision-making in the public domain.