What Can Critical Medical Anthropology Contribute to Global Health?
What Can Critical Medical Anthropology Contribute to Global Health?
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1548-1387.2008.00041.x
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发表时间：
2008-01-01
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Nichter, Mark
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Pfeiffer, James;Nichter, Mark
在过去十年中，从富裕国家到贫穷国家的国际援助急剧增加。这在一定程度上要归功于包括医学人类学家在内的卫生活动人士的努力，他们揭露了卫生差距和人类苦难的现实。我们现在正面临着全球健康史上前所未有的低迷时刻，艾滋病毒/艾滋病、疟疾和结核病等传染病不再是次要问题，而是双边援助计划、慈善事业和研究的主要目标。突发卫生问题包括抗生素耐药性、烟草使用、非典型肺炎和禽流感，以及卫生专业人员从发展中国家流向发达国家。这些问题需要全球解决方案，挑战民族国家的内部主权，并涉及新的行为体、网络、伙伴关系和跨国卫生行动。来自美国总统艾滋病紧急救援计划（PEPFAR）的资金大幅增加；全球抗击艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金；盖茨基金会；多丽丝·杜克慈善基金会；克林顿基金会；以及无数其他致力于发展中国家卫生问题的慈善机构，以所谓的“可能的政治”，改变了解决高度优先卫生问题的方式。作为医学人类学家，我们一直在努力让世界上穷人的健康和医疗保健问题出现在富裕国家的雷达屏幕上，在面对这些日益严重的危机时，我们呼吁人们关注涉及社会正义和开明的自身利益的问题。我们赞扬最近对资助全球卫生倡议的重视，但与此同时，我们对与治理、监督以及高调的公共卫生努力对国家卫生保健系统的影响有关的重大关切保持警惕。
The flow of international aid from wealthier to poorer countries has increased dramatically over the last decade. This is attributable in part to the efforts of health activists, including medical anthropologists, who have rendered bare the realities of health disparities and human suffering. We are now facing an unprece dented moment in the history of global health, in which infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis are no longer peripheral concerns but primary targets of bilateral aid programs, philanthropy, and research. Emergent health prob lems range from antibiotic resistance to tobacco use to SARS and avian flu to the flow of health professionals from developing to developed countries. These prob lems demand global solutions, challenge the internal sovereignty of nation states, and involve new sets of actors, networks, partnerships, and transnational health initiatives.There have been dramatic increases in funding from the US President's Emer gency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR); the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria; the Gates Foundation; the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation; the Clinton Foundation; and myriad other philanthropies dedicated to health problems in the developing world, transforming the way in which high-priority health prob lems are being addressed, in what has been termed the politics of the possible. As engaged medical anthropologists, we have fought to keep the health and health care problems of the world's poor on the radar screen of wealthier nations by calling attention to issues involving both social justice and enlightened self-interest in the face of these mounting crises. We celebrate the recent emphasis on funding global health initiatives, yet at the same time we remain alert to major concerns related to governance, oversight, and the impact of high-profile public health efforts on state health care systems.