Institutions for the Earth. Sources of Effective International Environmental Protection.
Institutions for the Earth. Sources of Effective International Environmental Protection.
复制标题
地球机构。
DOI：
10.2307/2204002
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发表时间：
1996
影响因子：
4.3
通讯作者：
M. Levy
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
L. Kimball;P. Haas;R. Keohane;M. Levy
自1972年联合国人类环境会议以来，全球环境问题日益突出。分析没有充分反映影响环境政策进程的体制方面。国际环境机构影响了政府对加强合同和提高国家能力的关注。这一卷集中于具体的国际环境问题：保护臭氧层、欧洲酸雨、保护波罗的海和北海、海洋石油污染、国际渔业管理、发展中国家使用农药、国家人口机构和有效的国际环境机构。这些案例研究说明了国际环境机构的三种不同职能：1）提高缔结和遵守协定的能力; 2）促进各国政府的关注; 3）建设国家政治和行政能力。妨碍政府对公共和国家环境问题作出有效反应的障碍是对环境威胁的关注程度低、缺乏管理环境威胁的能力以及没有能力克服集体行动的问题。机构可以催化政府的关注并影响环境政策。国际环境机构可通过确保决策者就同一系列问题定期互动、提供监测和核查服务以及监测违规行为来促进合同。可以通过提供技术援助和培训方案，以及在国际团体和国家之间建立共享资源的网络来加强能力建设。国际环境机构的成功程度因问题而异。政府对渔业问题的关注并没有增加，唯一的关键变化是1977年的200英里国家区域条例。关于臭氧层、酸雨和波罗的海-北海污染问题的合同有所改进。只有发展中国家的国家能力建设得到了改善，而发达国家却没有。以环境为中心的小型人员组成的联盟可以取得成功。
Global environmental problems have gained prominence since the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment. Analyses underrepresent the institutional dimensions that shape environmental policy processes. Increased government concern enhanced contracts and increased national capacity have been influenced by international environmental institutions. This volume focuses on specific international environmental issues: protection of the ozone layer European acid rain protection of the Baltic and North Seas oil pollution of the oceans international fisheries management pesticide use in developing countries national population institutions and effective international environmental institutions. The case studies illustrate three distinct functions of international environmental institutions: 1) to enhance the ability to make and keep agreements 2) to promote concern among governments and 3) to build national political and administrative capacity. The obstacles to effective government response to commons and national environmental problems have been low levels of concern about environmental threats lack of the capacity to manage environmental threats and the inability to overcome problems of collective action. Institutions can catalyze government concern and influence environmental policy. International environmental institutions can facilitate contracts by ensuring regular interaction between policy makers on the same set of issues providing monitoring and verification services and monitoring violations. Capacity building can be increased through provision of technical assistance and training programs and of networking between international groups and countries with shared resources. The degree of success of international environmental institutions has varied across issues. Government concern about fisheries issues has not increased and the only key change has been the 200 mile national zone regulations in 1977. Contracts have improved for issues of the ozone layer acid rain and Baltic-North Sea pollution. Building state capacity has improved only for developing countries and not developed ones. Small staffed environment-centered coalitions can be successful.