Paraquat and sustainable agriculture
Paraquat and sustainable agriculture
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DOI：
10.1002/ps.823
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发表时间：
2004-04-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Bromilow, RH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bromilow, RH
可持续农业对人类的生存至关重要，特别是考虑到我们人口的迅速增长。将农业扩展到剩余的自然植被地区是不可取的，因为这将减少地球上的生物多样性。因此，无论是小农户还是大农场，都有必要保持或提高现有耕地的作物产量。限制因素之一通常是杂草控制;杂草的生物控制通常用途有限，机械控制通常难以使用机械或手工非常费力。因此，除草剂的使用变得非常重要。最低限度的耕作也很重要，因为它减少了土壤耕作所需的动力，限制了侵蚀，并有助于保持土壤的有机质含量。最后一个方面有助于保护土壤结构及其生物种群，并维持地球土壤作为巨大的碳汇，这是全球变暖的一个重要考虑因素。20世纪60年代初引入的联吡啶除草剂百草枯大大促进了许多作物的杂草控制。百草枯具有一种独特的特性，即只有直接喷洒到植物上才具有活性，而从土壤中吸收后则不会有活性，因为土壤中的强结合力会使百草枯失去活性，再加上百草枯在光照下迅速杀死绿色植物组织的特性，使得百草枯可用于许多作物，包括采用低耕法种植的作物。本文回顾了农业系统已经和正在开发利用这些特性的方式，并对近40年来世界范围内使用百草枯的情况进行了风险/效益分析。(C)2003化学工业协会。
Sustainable agriculture is essential for man's survival, especially given our rapidly increasing population. Expansion of agriculture into remaining areas of natural vegetation is undesirable, as this would reduce biodiversity on the planet. Maintaining or indeed improving crop yields on existing farmed land, whether on a smallholder scale or on larger farms, is thus necessary. One of the limiting factors is often weed control; biological control of weeds is generally of limited use and mechanical control is either often difficult with machinery or very laborious by hand. Thus the use of herbicides has become very important. Minimum cultivation can also be important, as it reduces the power required to work the soil, limits erosion and helps to maintain the organic matter content of the soil. This last aspect helps preserve both the structure of soil and its populations of organisms, and also sustains the Earth's soil as a massive sink for carbon, an important consideration in the light of global warming. The introduction of the bipyridinium herbicide paraquat in the early 1960s greatly facilitated weed control in many crops. Paraquat has the unusual property of being active only by direct spray onto plants and not by uptake from soil in which strong binding deactivates it. Together with its rapid action in light in killing green plant tissue, such properties allow paraquat to be used in many crops, including those grown by low-tillage methods. This paper reviews the ways in which agricultural systems have been and are being developed to make use of these properties, and provides a risk/benefit analysis of the world-wide use of paraquat over nearly 40 years. (C) 2003 Society of Chemical Industry.