Integrating ecological and cultural values toward conservation and utilization of shrine/temple forests as urban green space in Japanese cities
Integrating ecological and cultural values toward conservation and utilization of shrine/temple forests as urban green space in Japanese cities
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DOI：
10.1007/s11355-010-0104-5
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发表时间：
2010-02
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
H. Ishii;T. Manabe;Keitaro Ito;N. Fujita;A. Imanishi;Daisuke Hashimoto;A. Iwasaki
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
H. Ishii;T. Manabe;Keitaro Ito;N. Fujita;A. Imanishi;Daisuke Hashimoto;A. Iwasaki
在日本，与神社和寺庙相关的森林被认为是城市绿地的重要组成部分，在快速城市化的日本城市中，它们可能会成为生态系统保护的中心。除了生态价值外，神社/寺庙森林还具有社会价值，为城市居民提供娱乐和审美需求。我们回顾了日本神社/寺庙森林的历史发展，并从生态学和社会学的角度讨论了当前的保护问题。一般来说，圣地森林的管理程度很低，不鼓励公众进入，而寺庙森林则被集中管理以供公众展示。神殿往往在空间上分散在整个景观中，但与特定的地理特征相关联，而寺庙则倾向于聚集在一起。它们在城市地区的广泛和随机分布表明，神社森林可以潜在地作为城市绿地网络的垫脚石，而空间聚集的寺庙森林可以整合在一起，形成大面积的绿地。神庙林的物种多样性随着面积的减少而下降。物种的分布模式并不是完全嵌套的，这表明，尽管保护大片森林可能对维持景观水平的生物多样性有效，但小片森林和邻近区域有时意义重大，因为偶尔会有稀有物种栖息在其中。积极的管理和生态恢复，如清除入侵物种，对于保持理想的近自然森林条件也很重要。一个由业主、社区、地区政府和生态学家组成的工作组应参与制定有效的长期管理计划。由于社会和文化价值是多样的，对神社/寺庙森林的基本生态研究将有助于提供科学基础，增强公众对这一进程的信心。
In Japan, forests associated with shrines and temples are recognized as important components of urban green space, which can potentially function as centers for ecosystem conservation in rapidly urbanizing Japanese cities. In addition to their ecological value, shrine/temple forests have social value, providing recreational and aesthetic needs to residents of urban areas. We review the historical development of shrine/temple forests in Japan and discuss current conservation issues from both ecological and sociological perspectives. Generally, shrine forests are minimally managed and public access is discouraged, whereas temple forests are intensively managed for public display. Shrines tend to be spatially scattered across the landscape but associated with specific geographical features, whereas temples tend to be clustered. Their wide and random distribution in urban areas suggests that shrine forests can potentially be used as stepping stones in the urban green space network, whereas spatially clustered temple forests can be integrated to form large areas of green space. Species diversity of shrine/temple forests declines with decreasing area. The distribution pattern of species is not completely nested, indicating that although conservation of large forest fragments may be effective for maintaining landscape-level biodiversity, smaller forest fragments and adjacent precincts are sometimes significant because rare species occasionally inhabit them. Active management and ecological restoration, such as removal of invasive species, are also important to maintain the desirable near-natural forest conditions. A working group including the owner, community, regional government, and ecologists should be involved in creating an effective, long-term management plan. Because social and cultural values are diverse, basic ecological studies of shrine/temple forests would contribute a scientific basis that fosters public confidence in the process.