Production and Perception of Pauses in Speech
Production and Perception of Pauses in Speech
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言语停顿的产生和感知
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发表时间：
2015
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通讯作者：
K. L. Fors
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作者：
K. L. Fors
沉默可以决定对话的成败：如果参与对话的两个人对停顿的典型时长有不同的看法，他们就会面临话轮转换的问题。谈话中会出现停顿的原因有很多，比如呼吸、思考、查词和话轮转换管理。在本论文中，我们探讨了言语中停顿的产生和感知。我们的目标包括三个主要部分：描述和分析停顿的产生，调查停顿的感知，以及研究停顿在话轮转换中的作用。我们的假设是，停顿填补了不同的功能，这些功能取决于停顿的背景。我们认为，停顿的持续时间可能与停顿类型有关，我们会根据与我们交谈的人调整停顿的长度。此外，我们建议在对话中有规律地出现停顿。我们还假设，语音停顿的持续时间会影响语音的处理。停顿与话轮转换的过程有关，随着我们更多地了解停顿的性质，我们也可能进一步发展我们对话轮保持和话轮让渡过程的理解。我们还将能够在对话系统中建模话轮转换时使用有关停顿产生和知觉的信息。我们的结果表明，不同的说话人、不同的停顿类型和不同的对话，停顿的长度差别很大。停顿往往是由对话中的说话者牵连的，停顿在整个对话中经常发生。我们还发现了停顿对记忆口语有积极影响的证据。虽然说话者在对话中调整自己的停顿长度以适应另一位说话者，但他们倾向于在停顿类型之间保持一致的比例，这与对话伙伴无关。虽然单独查看停顿很有趣，但我们需要将它们放在上下文中才能真正理解它们的功能。为了突出停顿在会话中的作用，我们提出了一个更新的话轮转换模式，其中整合了我们的研究结果。
Silences can make or break the conversation: if two persons involved in a conversation have different ideas about the typical length of pauses, they will face problems with turn taking. Pauses occur in conversation for a number of reasons, for example for breathing, thinking, word-searching and turn taking management. In this dissertation, we explore the production and perception of pauses in speech. Our aim consists of three main parts: to describe and analyse the production of pauses, to investigate the perception of pauses, and to examine the role of pauses in turn-taking. Our hypothesis is that pauses fill varying functions, and that these functions depend on the context of the pauses. We believe that the duration of pauses may be linked to the pause type, and that we adapt the our pause lengths to the persons we are speaking to. Further, we suggest that pauses occur regularly throughout dialogues. We also hypothesise that the duration of pauses in speech affect the processing of speech. Pauses are tied to the process of turn taking, and as we learn more about the nature of pauses we may also be able to further develop our understanding of the process of turn holding and turn yielding. We will also be able to use the information about pause production and perception when modelling turn taking in dialogue systems. Our results show that pause lengths vary greatly across speakers, pause types and dialogues. Pauses tend to be entrained by speakers involved in dialogues, and pauses occur regularly throughout conversations. We also found evidence that pauses have a positive impact on memorising spoken utterances. While speakers adapt their pause lengths to the other speaker in the conversation, they are inclined to keep a consistent ratio between pause types, and this is not dependent on the conversational partner. While it is interesting to look at pauses separately, we need to put them into context to really understand their functions. To highlight the role of pauses in conversation, we proposed an updated turn taking model, where the results from our studies are integrated.