Mechanisms underlying training-induced cognitive change
Mechanisms underlying training-induced cognitive change
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DOI：
10.1038/s44159-021-00001-3
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发表时间：
2022-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
C. C. von Bastian-C.;S. Belleville;Rob Udale;Alice Reinhartz;M. Essounni;Tilo Strobach
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
C. C. von Bastian-C.;S. Belleville;Rob Udale;Alice Reinhartz;M. Essounni;Tilo Strobach
通过行为训练干预来增强认知的前景，例如，认知任务的重复练习或元认知策略指导，在过去20年中受到了越来越多的欢迎。虽然压倒性的证据表明，这种培训干预措施提高了性能的培训任务，争议仍然存在这些好处是否转移到其他任务和能力以外的培训环境。在这篇综述中，我们提供了一个概述的有效性认知训练诱导转移到未经训练的任务，特别关注的理论机制，已提出的基础培训和转移效果。我们强调，有相对较少的证据表明，培训提高认知能力，也就是说，整体认知资源可供个人。相比之下，大量的证据支持训练诱导的认知效率的改善，即在现有的认知能力限制内优化性能。我们的结论是，转向研究，以确定认知效率的收益背后的认知机制，为开发有效的认知训练干预措施提供了一个富有成效的途径。然而，为了促进我们对人类认知和认知可塑性的理解，我们必须努力发展和完善产生可检验假设的理论。
The prospect of enhancing cognition through behavioural training interventions, for example, the repetitive practice of cognitive tasks or metacognitive strategy instruction, has seen a surge in popularity over the past 20 years. Although overwhelming evidence demonstrates that such training interventions increase performance in the trained tasks, controversy remains over whether these benefits transfer to other tasks and abilities beyond the trained context. In this Review, we provide an overview of the effectiveness of cognitive training to induce transfer to untrained tasks, with a particular focus on the theoretical mechanisms that have been proposed to underlie training and transfer effects. We highlight that there is relatively little evidence that training enhances cognitive capacity, that is, the overall cognitive resources available to an individual. By contrast, substantial evidence supports training-induced improvements in cognitive efficiency, that is, optimized performance within existing cognitive capacity limits. We conclude that shifting research towards identifying the cognitive mechanisms underlying gains in cognitive efficiency offers a fruitful avenue for developing effective cognitive training interventions. However, to advance our understanding of human cognition and cognitive plasticity we must strive to develop and refine theories that generate testable hypotheses.