Flood-Risk Management, Mapping, and Planning: The Institutional Politics of Decision Support in England
Flood-Risk Management, Mapping, and Planning: The Institutional Politics of Decision Support in England
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洪水风险管理、绘图和规划：英国决策支持的制度政治
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
D. Demeritt
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
James J. Porter;D. Demeritt
洪水地图在政府洪水风险管理战略中发挥着越来越重要的作用。地图不仅是定义和传达洪灾风险的工具，而且也是监管洪灾风险和使这些控制措施不可避免的限制和失败合理化的工具。基于政策文件分析、官方统计数据和66位关键信息人士的访谈，本文探讨了使用环境局洪水图来支持英国地方规划当局(LPA)决策的制度冲突，这些地方规划当局的地方政治授权、法定义务和专业化规划文化使他们与环境署限制有洪水风险的开发的狭隘官僚命令相悖。白皮书展示了洪水图是如何设计的，以标准化和脚本化的规划过程，并确保LPA的决定与EA关于避免在有洪水风险的地区进行开发的观点保持一致，而不是实际上完全禁止此类开发。但技术也是由用户塑造的，所以这篇论文记录了规划者如何适应和抵制这种间接规则的技术。他们对被描述为有洪水风险的地区进行灭菌，以及实际使用洪水地图做出快速和可防御的开发控制决策的困难的担忧，在最终被一种新的决策支持技术--战略洪水风险评估--取代的过程中至关重要，这项技术随后导致了洪水地图的描述，从而影响了一批新的用户：公众。本文最后对基于风险的治理案例的意义进行了一些更广泛的思考。
Flood maps play an increasingly prominent role in government strategies for flood-risk management. Maps are instruments not just for defining and communicating flood risks, but also for regulating them and for rationalizing the inevitable limits and failures of those controls. Drawing on policy document analysis, official statistics, and 66 key-informant interviews, this paper explores the institutional conflicts over the use of the Environment Agency (EA) Flood Map to support decision making by English local planning authorities (LPAs), whose local political mandate, statutory obligations, and professionalized planning culture put them at odds with the narrower bureaucratic imperative of the Agency to restrict developments at risk of flooding. The paper shows how the Flood Map was designed to standardize and script the planning process and ensure that LPA decisions were aligned with EA views about avoiding development in zones at risk of flooding without actually banning such development outright. But technologies are also shaped by their users, and so the paper documents how planners accommodated and resisted this technology of indirect rule. Their concerns about sterilizing areas depicted as being at risk of flooding and about the difficulties of actually using the Flood Map for speedy and defensible development-control decisions were crucial in its eventual replacement by a new decision-support technology, Strategic Flood Risk Assessments, which then led to the descripting of the Flood Map to influence a new set of users: the public. The paper closes with some wider reflections on the significance of the case for risk-based governance.