The Contribution of Snacking to Overall Diet Intake among an Ethnically and Racially Diverse Population of Boys and Girls
The Contribution of Snacking to Overall Diet Intake among an Ethnically and Racially Diverse Population of Boys and Girls
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jand.2019.08.173
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发表时间：
2020-02-01
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Berge, Jerica M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Loth, Katie A.;Tate, Allan;Berge, Jerica M.
背景 低收入和少数民族儿童面临饮食质量差的风险。儿童消耗的热量至少有三分之一是在两餐之间吃的（即零食）。人们对零食对儿童饮食质量的贡献知之甚少。 目的 目前的研究调查了零食与儿童饮食质量之间的关联，以及种族或种族、性别和体重状况之间的差异。设计横断面数据来自家庭事务研究的第一阶段，这是一项观察性研究。参与者/环境这项研究包括来自六个民族或种族群体的 150 个有 5 至 7 岁儿童的家庭（每个家庭 n = 25：非裔美国人、西班牙裔、苗族、美洲原住民、索马里人、非西班牙裔白人）；数据于 2017-2018 年在明尼苏达州明尼阿波利斯-圣保罗收集。主要结果测量使用健康饮食指数 (HEI-2010) 的每日总能量（千卡）、整体饮食质量以及食物组摄入量（例如水果、蔬菜、精制谷物、含糖饮料 [SSB]），使用 3 个 24 小时饮食回顾进行评估。进行统计分析条件固定效应估计器（儿童内变异）用于回归分析，以表征每日零食和膳食摄入量相对于所有其他每日进餐场合的膳食摄入量之间的关系。将包括所有正餐和零食在内的总体饮食摄入量平均值（+/- 标准差）与仅正餐摄入量的平均值（+/- 标准差）进行比较。 结果发现，在男孩中，吃零食对 HEI-2010 分数有正向贡献（HEI-2010=57.6，没有零食的 HEI-2010=55.0；效应量 [ES]=0.28，P=0.03）。零食是水果（ES = 0.71）和乳制品（ES = 0.53）的重要来源，但也有助于儿童消费精制谷物（ES = 0.68）和SSB（ES = 0.31）。很少有蔬菜被用作零食。此外，与其他民族或种族背景的青少年相比，零食对美洲原住民 (ES=0.30) 和索马里 (ES=0.35) 青少年的整体饮食质量 (HEI-2010) 贡献更大。 结论 研究结果表明，零食有可能改善儿童的饮食质量。未来的研究应该研究对儿童在零食时间选择食物的影响，以及不同种族或种族的家庭在将更健康的食物作为零食提供时面临的障碍。
Background Children in low-income and minority populations are at risk for poor dietary quality. At least one-third of the calories consumed by children are eaten between meals (ie, snacks). The contribution of snacking to diet quality among children is poorly understood.Objective The current study examined associations between snacking and children's diet quality along with differences across ethnicity or race, sex, and weight status.Design Cross-sectional data came from Phase I of the Family Matters Study, an observational study.Participants/setting This study included 150 families with children aged 5 to 7 years old from six ethnic or racial groups (n=25 from each: African American, Hispanic, Hmong, Native American, Somali, non-Hispanic white); data were collected in Minneapolis-Saint Paul, MN in 2017-2018.Main outcome measures Total daily energy (kilocalories), overall diet quality using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2010), and food group intakes (eg, fruit, vegetables, refined grains, sugar-sweetened beverages [SSB]) were assessed using three 24-hour dietary recalls.Statistical analyses performed Conditional fixed effects estimators (within-child variation) were used in regression analyses to characterize the relationship between daily snacking and dietary intake relative to dietary intake at all other daily meal occasions. Mean (+/- standard deviation) overall dietary intake including all meals and snacks was compared with mean (+/- standard deviation) intake of meals only.Results Among boys, snacking was found to contribute positively to HEI-2010 scores (HEI-2010=57.6, HEI-2010 without snacks=55.0; effect size [ES]=0.28, P=0.03). Snacking was an important source of fruit (ES=0.71) and dairy (ES=0.53), but also contributed to children's consumption of refined grains (ES=0.68) and SSB (ES=0.31). Very few vegetables were consumed as snacks. Furthermore, snacks contributed more to the overall diet quality (HEI-2010) of Native American (ES=0.30) and Somali (ES=0.35) youth as compared with youth from other ethnic or racial backgrounds.Conclusions Findings suggest that snacks have the potential to improve diet quality in children. Future research should examine influences on children's food choices at snack times and barriers to serving more healthful foods as snacks that are faced by ethnically or racially diverse families.