Analyzing Embodied Energy and Embodied Water of Construction Materials for an Environmentally Sustainable Built Environment
Analyzing Embodied Energy and Embodied Water of Construction Materials for an Environmentally Sustainable Built Environment
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DOI：
10.1088/1755-1315/1122/1/012045
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发表时间：
2022-12
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. Dixit;P. Pradeep Kumar
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Dixit;P. Pradeep Kumar
建筑在建造和运营过程中消耗了全球40%以上的能源，每年的碳排放量占全球的39%以上。这种巨大的环境足迹提供了一个极好的机会来减少能源使用，并帮助提供一个环境可持续的建筑环境。建筑消耗的大部分能源是体现能源（EE）和运行能源（OE）。通过建筑产品和服务，在建筑物的初始建造、维护和更换以及拆除阶段直接或间接地使用节能能源。OE用于加热、冷却、水加热、照明和操作建筑设备的过程中。大多数环境优化研究都集中在能源和碳排放上，而忽视了另一个关键的可持续性方面——水的利用。每座建筑在其最初的建造、维护和更换以及拆除阶段也消耗大量的淡水，如体现水（EW）或虚拟水。由于每一种一次能源和二次能源在其提取、提炼或生产过程中都会消耗水，因此与电子电气和原始电气使用相关的水费用也必须包括在总电子电气使用中。因此，总生态环境包括非能源用水和与能源有关的用水。研究表明，在电子电气和电子电气之间存在权衡，这可能会使环境可持续性的材料选择等设计决策复杂化。换句话说，选择低EE的材料可能具有更高的EW，选择这样的材料可能无助于实现环境可持续性目标，因为水资源短缺正在成为一个严重的问题。在本文中，我们创建了一个基于投入产出的混合（IOH）模型，用于计算和比较建筑施工中常用的建筑材料的EE和EW。主要目标是检查和强调在选择一种材料而不是另一种材料时可能存在的任何权衡。研究结果表明，能效与总耗水量（能源用水量和非能源用水量的总和）之间存在较弱的相关性，这意味着单纯基于能效的设计决策可能与耗水量相冲突。与能源有关的用水量在建筑材料的总EW中所占的份额也有很大差异（2.5%-31.2%），这表明仅减少能源使用可能不足以减少淡水使用；可能需要进一步努力减少耗水材料和工序的使用。本研究的结果对于实现创造真正可持续的建筑环境的目标具有重要意义。
Buildings consume over 40% of global energy in their construction and operations contributing to over 39% of global carbon emission each year. This huge environmental footprint presents an excellent opportunity to reduce energy use and help deliver an environmentally sustainable built environment. Most of the energy is consumed by buildings as embodied energy (EE) and operational energy (OE). EE is used directly and indirectly during buildings’ initial construction, maintenance and replacement, and demolition phases through construction products and services. OE is used in the processes of heating, cooling, water heating, lighting, and operating building equipment. Most environmental optimization research has been centered on energy and carbon emission overlooking another critical sustainability aspect, water use. Each building also consumes a significant amount of freshwater as embodied water (EW) or virtual water in its initial construction, maintenance and replacement, and demolition phases. Since each primary and secondary energy source depletes water in its extraction, refinement or production, there is also a water expense associated with EE and OE use that must also be included in total EW use. The total EW, therefore, includes both non-energy and energy related water use. Research suggests that there are tradeoffs between EE and EW that may complicate design decisions such as material selection for environmental sustainability. In other words, a material selected for its lower EE may have higher EW and selecting such a material may not help reach environmental sustainability goals since water scarcity is becoming a grave problem. In this paper, we created an input-output-based hybrid (IOH) model for calculating and comparing EE and EW of building materials frequently used in building construction. The main goal is to examine and highlight any tradeoffs that may exist when selecting one material over another. The results reveal that there is a weak correlation between EE and total EW that is the sum of energy and non-energy water use, which means that a design decision made solely based on EE may conflict with EW. The share of energy related water use in total EW of construction materials also varies significantly (2.5%-31.2%), indicating that reducing energy use alone may not be sufficient to reduce freshwater use; additional efforts may be needed to decrease the use of materials and processes that are water intensive. The results of this study are significant to achieving the goal of creating a truly sustainable built environment.