Moral and discursive geographies in the war for biodiversity in Africa
Moral and discursive geographies in the war for biodiversity in Africa
复制标题
非洲生物多样性战争中的道德和话语地理学
DOI：
10.1016/j.polgeo.2004.05.011
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发表时间：
2004
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
R. Neumann
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Neumann
自20世纪80年代以来，一些非洲国家政府对野生动物数量的下降做出了回应，对在国家公园内发现的“偷猎者”发出了当场射杀的命令。战争现在是非洲生物多样性保护概念化和规划的一个常见模式和隐喻。因此，出现了一种新的道德地理，公园和保护区成为致命暴力的场所。本文旨在了解在非洲生物多样性保护现场拍摄协议的道德理由，并检查国家公园的整体暴力水平的影响。它通过与环境伦理学文献的接触，建立并扩展了暴力和正义的政治生态分析。它的结论是，在环境伦理的各种哲学方法中无法证明当场开枪和战时暴力的道德正当性。然而，战时道德和当场射杀在非洲已被视为理所当然。本文认为，话语分析可以阐明为什么会这样。通过对大众媒体的仔细分析，它展示了关键身份是如何被话语建构起来的，从而从根本上重新安排了非洲偷猎者和野生动物的道德地位。这些话语建构的身份同时使野生动物人性化，并诋毁偷猎者，包括寻找小猎物或鱼的贫困农民。因此，它认为，在非洲国家公园内，为捍卫“生物多样性”而侵犯人权和对人类的致命暴力已经成为常态。
Since the 1980s, several African governments have responded to declining wildlife populations by issuing shoot-on-sight orders for “poachers” found within national parks. War is now a common model and metaphor for conceptualizing and planning biodiversity protection in Africa. Consequently, there is a new moral geography wherein parks and protected areas have become spaces of deadly violence. This article seeks to understand the moral justification for shoot-on-sight protocols in African biodiversity protection and examine the ramifications for the overall level of violence in national parks. It builds on and extends the political ecology analysis of violence and justice through an engagement with the environmental ethics literature. It concludes that a moral justification for shoot on sight and wartime violence cannot be demonstrated within the various philosophical approaches to environmental ethics. Yet wartime ethics and shoot on sight have become taken for granted in Africa. The article posits that discursive analysis can elucidate why this is so. Through a careful analysis of popular media it shows how key identities are discursively constructed to radically reorder the moral standing of African poachers and wild animals. These discursively constructed identities operate to simultaneously humanize wild animals and denigrate poachers, including impoverished peasants searching for small game or fish. As a consequence, it argues, human rights abuses and deadly violence against humans in the defense of “biodiversity” have become normalized within African national parks.