A review of the toxicity of chemical dispersants.
A review of the toxicity of chemical dispersants.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1515/reveh.2011.035
复制
发表时间：
2011
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
Wise JP Sr
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wise J;Wise JP Sr
化学分散剂是各种表面活性剂和溶剂的混合物。大多数分散剂都是专有的，完整的成分往往不是公共知识。用于清理和遏制原油毒性的化学分散剂在2010年墨西哥湾深水地平线石油危机后成为一个主要问题。在危机期间，使用了数百万升的化学分散剂（CoreTM 9527和CoreTM 9500）-这是该领域已知的最大的分散剂应用。截至2011年2月，已有38篇关于35种不同化学分散剂毒性的同行评审文章。Nalco、BP、Shell和Total Special Fluids生产各种化学分散剂。最值得注意的是，纳尔科公司生产CoreTM 9527和CoreTM 9500，其他公司生产19种分散剂。大多数研究考察了分散剂的致命性。考虑了几个非致死性终点，包括对捕食者/猎物识别的影响，酶活性变化，对孵化率的影响，以及心动过缓的阈值。研究的动物包括水蚤（小型浮游甲壳类动物）、海葵、珊瑚、甲壳类动物、海星、软体动物、鱼类、鸟类和大鼠。对鸟类和哺乳动物的研究明显缺乏。化学分散剂的种类繁多，测试方法的可变性，以及研究之间缺乏明显的物种重叠，使得很难比较和推断哪种分散剂毒性最大，哪种毒性最小。在这里，我们提供了一些比较CoreTM 9527和9500的尝试（因为它们有最大的现场应用），但在得出明确的结论之前，还需要进行更多的研究。
Chemical dispersants are a mixture of various surfactants and solvents. Most dispersants are proprietary, and the complete composition is not often public knowledge. Chemical dispersants used for the cleanup and containment of crude oil toxicity became a major concern after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil crisis in the Gulf of Mexico. During the crisis, millions of liters of chemical dispersants (Corexit 9527 and 9500) were used – the largest known application of dispersants in the field. As of February 2011, 38 peer-reviewed articles were available on the toxicity of 35 different chemical dispersants. Nalco, BP, Shell, and Total Special Fluids manufacture a variety of chemical dispersants. Most notably, Nalco manufactures Corexit 9527 and 9500, and 19 miscellaneous dispersants are manufactured by others. Most studies examined the lethality of the dispersants. Several nonlethal end points were considered, including the effect on predator/prey recognition, enzyme activity changes, effects on hatchability, and the threshold for bradycardia. The animals studied included Daphnia (small planktonic crustaceans), anemones, corals, crustaceans, starfish, mollusks, fish, birds, and rats. Studies in birds and mammals are distinctly lacking. The variety of chemical dispersants, the variability in test methods, and the lack of distinct species overlap between studies make it difficult to compare and deduce which dispersant is most toxic and which is least. Here, we offer some attempt at comparing Corexit 9527 and 9500 (because these have had the largest field application), but significantly more research is needed before clear conclusions can be drawn.