The effects of intercontinental emission sources on European air pollution levels
The effects of intercontinental emission sources on European air pollution levels
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DOI：
10.5194/acp-18-13655-2018
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发表时间：
2018-09-27
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
Davila, Yanko
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Jonson, Jan Eiof;Schulz, Michael;Davila, Yanko
本研究基于TF HTAP（大气污染半球传输特别工作组）第二阶段的模型结果，其中定义了一组源受体模型实验，在整个地球仪的不同源区域，减少全球（和区域）人为排放量的20%，主要集中在2010年。所有参与的模型都使用同一套人为排放量。模型的测量结果的比较显示为选定的欧洲地面站点和臭氧探测仪，但这里的主要重点是从世界不同地区的欧洲臭氧水平的贡献，以及如何以及为什么这些贡献不同的模型。我们调查的起源，通过使用一种新的逐步的方法，结合简单的示踪剂计算和CO和O-3的计算。为了突出这些差异，我们分析了中纬度地区20%减排效应的垂直断面，随着所涉及的物理和化学过程的复杂性增加，模型结果的传播从简单的CO示踪剂增加到CO，然后到臭氧。由于臭氧化学的非线性，与CO和CO示踪剂相比，非欧洲来源对臭氧的贡献大于欧洲来源。就年平均臭氧而言，世界其他地区的贡献大于欧洲单独排放的影响，其中北美和东亚的贡献最大。东部其他邻近地区和国际航运也有相当大的贡献。计算得出的其他主要来源区域对欧洲年均臭氧的贡献相对于所有主要来源的贡献（RAIR -相对年度洲际响应）从HTAP 1的43%增加到HTAP 2的82%。这一增加主要是由于对欧洲的定义更好，欧洲以外的排放量相对于欧洲增加，以及将附近的非欧洲来源纳入欧洲以外地区。欧洲对反映人类健康和生态系统损害的臭氧指标的贡献，主要是在夏季积累的，大于年度臭氧。欧洲来源的臭氧在夏季达到峰值，而非欧洲来源的最大贡献主要是在春季计算的，此时受污染大陆上空的臭氧产量开始增加，而与此同时，臭氧在自由对流层中的寿命相对较长。从表面上看，非欧洲来源的贡献是类似的规模为所有欧洲次区域考虑，定义为TF HTAP受体区域（西北，西南，东部和东南欧）。
This study is based on model results from TF HTAP (Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution) phase II, in which a set of source receptor model experiments have been defined, reducing global (and regional) anthropogenic emissions by 20% in different source regions throughout the globe, with the main focus on the year 2010. All the participating models use the same set of anthropogenic emissions. Comparisons of model results to measurements are shown for selected European surface sites and for ozone sondes, but the main focus here is on the contributions to European ozone levels from different world regions, and how and why these contributions differ depending on the model. We investigate the origins by use of a novel stepwise approach, combining simple tracer calculations and calculations of CO and O-3. To highlight the differences, we analyse the vertical transects of the midlatitude effects from the 20% emission reductions.The spread in the model results increases from the simple CO tracer to CO and then to ozone as the complexity of the physical and chemical processes involved increase. As a result of non-linear ozone chemistry, the contributions from non-European relative to European sources are larger for ozone compared to the CO and the CO tracer. For annually averaged ozone the contributions from the rest of the world is larger than the effects from European emissions alone, with the largest contributions from North America and eastern Asia. There are also considerable contributions from other nearby regions to the east and from international shipping. The calculated contributions to European annual average ozone from other major source regions relative to all contributions from all major sources (RAIR - Relative Annual Intercontinental Response) have increased from 43% in HTAP1 to 82% in HTAP2. This increase is mainly caused by a better definition of Europe, with increased emissions outside of Europe relative to those in Europe, and by including a nearby non-European source for external-to-Europe regions. European contributions to ozone metrics reflecting human health and ecosystem damage, which mostly accumulated in the summer months, are larger than for annual ozone. Whereas ozone from European sources peaks in the summer months, the largest contributions from non-European sources are mostly calculated for the spring months, when ozone production over the polluted continents starts to increase, while at the same time the lifetime of ozone in the free troposphere is relatively long. At the surface, contributions from non-European sources are of similar magnitude for all European subregions considered, defined as TF HTAP receptor regions (north-western, south-western, eastern and south-eastern Europe).