FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF BRAIN OF CUTTLEFISH SEPIA OFFICINALIS
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF BRAIN OF CUTTLEFISH SEPIA OFFICINALIS
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DOI：
10.1098/rspb.1961.0015
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发表时间：
1961-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
BOYCOTT, BB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
BOYCOTT, BB
通过电刺激对乌贼脑的功能组织进行了研究。结果，大脑出现了几个新的分部。足神经节由四个部分组成：(1)支配头部和手臂前部皮肤和肌肉的前色素叶；(2)支配手臂和触须的前足叶；(3)支配头部漏斗、颈肌和缩肌的后足叶；(4)支配眼部肌肉和眼眶组织的外侧踏叶。苍白球内脏(或内脏)神经节，除Young(1939)所展示的大细胞叶外，还包括：(1)中央苍白球内脏叶，支配外套膜、漏斗和内脏；(2)一对小叶，支配鳍肌肉；(3)一对后色团小叶，支配着色团肌肉和外套膜皮肤、鳍和头部后部；(4)一对血管运动小叶。由于这些新的划分，食道下神经组织的三个主要分组现在被称为食道下前、中和后肿块，对应于臂、足和苍白球内脏部分。根据它们对电刺激的反应类型和它们的外周连接，食道下内容物被分为下运动中枢和中等运动中枢。在食道上叶，可以识别出高级运动中枢和静默区。静止区包括垂直区、额上区、近垂直区、连合前区和背侧基底叶。在高级运动中枢中，前基底叶主要与头部、手臂和眼睛的位置有关，特别是在游泳时涉及方向变化的运动中。这种操作是通过前基叶控制漏斗的鳍和位置而实现的。后基叶由六个主要部分组成：(1)近垂直叶；(2)背基叶；(3)连合前叶；(4)内侧基叶；(5)外侧基叶；(6)基底叶间。内侧叶、外侧叶和基底叶是高级运动中枢。外侧和内侧基叶控制着色器和皮肤的运动；内侧基叶控制游泳、呼吸、鳍的运动和各种内脏功能。基底叶控制触须的运动。视神经和视叶在它们的外围是电不能兴奋的。对视叶中心的电刺激可以唤起其他高级运动中枢的所有反应。根据Sanders和Young‘S(1940)对大脑的生理学分类对结果进行了讨论，进一步确认了中间运动中枢，并给出了各叶的反应汇总表。
The functional organization of the brain of Sepia has been investigated by electrical stimulation. As a result several new divisions of the brain have been made. The pedal ganglion has been shown to consist of four parts: (1) the anterior chromatophore lobes innervating the skin and muscles of the anterior part of the head and arms; (2) the anterior pedal lobe innervating the arms and tentacles; (3) the posterior pedal lobe innervating the funnel, collar and retractor muscles of the head; (4) the lateral pedal lobes innervating the muscles of the eyes and tissues of the orbits. The palliovisceral (or visceral) ganglion, apart from the magnocellular lobe demonstrated by Young (1939), is shown here to consist of (1) a central palliovisceral lobe innervating the mantle, funnel and viscera; (2) a pair of lobes innervating the muscles of the fins; (3) a pair of posterior chromatophore lobes innervating the muscles of the chromatophores and skin of the mantle, fin and back of the head; (4) a pair of vasomotor lobes. Because of these new divisions the three main groupings of the suboesophageal neural tissue are now referred to as the anterior, middle and posterior suboesophageal masses corresponding to the brachial, pedal and palliovisceral divisions. The suboesophageal contres are classified as lower motor centres and intermediate motor centres, depending on the kind of response they give to electrical stimulation and their peripheral connexions. In the supra-oesophageal lobes, higher motor centres and silent areas are recognized. The silent areas include the vertical, superior frontal, subvertical, precommissural and dorsal basal lobes. Of the higher motor centres the anterior basal lobe is primarily concerned with the positioning of the head, arms and eyes, particularly during movements involving changes in direction while swimming. Such manoeuvres are brought about by the anterior basal lobe control over the fins and position of the funnel. The posterior basal lobe is here shown to consist of six main divisions: (1) the subvertical lobe; (2) the dorsal basal lobes; (3) the precommissural lobe; (4) the medial basal lobe; (5) the lateral basal lobe; (6) the interbasal lobe. The medial, lateral and interbasal lobes are higher motor centres. The lateral and medial basal lobes control movements of the chromatophores and skin; the medial basal lobe controls swimming, breathing, fin movements and various visceral functions. The interbasal lobe controls the movements of the tentacles. The optic nerves and the optic lobes, at their periphery, are electrically inexcitable. Electrical stimulation of the centre of the optic lobes evokes all the responses that can be obtained from the other higher motor centres. The results are discussed in terms of Sanders and Young''s (1940) physiological classification of the brain. A further category intermediate motor centre is recognized. Summary lists of the responses of each lobe are given.