Personal exposure to PM2.5 emitted from typical anthropogenic sources in southern West Africa: chemical characteristics and associated health risks
Personal exposure to PM2.5 emitted from typical anthropogenic sources in southern West Africa: chemical characteristics and associated health risks
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西非南部典型人为来源排放的 PM2.5 的个人暴露：化学特征和相关健康风险
DOI：
10.5194/acp-19-6637-2019
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发表时间：
2018-10
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
Junji Cao
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Hongmei Xu;Jean-François Léon;Cathy Liousse;Benjamin Guinot;Véronique Yoboué;A. Akpo;Jacques Adon;Kin-Fai Ho;Steven Sai Hang Ho;Lijuan Li;Eric Gardrat;Zhenxing Shen;Junji Cao
抽象的。城市化是西非南部正在强烈出现的一个问题。
缺乏对化学成分和个人的充分了解，
细颗粒物（以下定义为PE PM2.5）暴露水平及其健康状况
与该地区各种人为源有关的风险。在这
研究，PE PM2.5在干燥（1月）和潮湿的情况下进行了研究
（七月）季节2016年首次表征国内火灾现场的贡献
(DF)在科特迪瓦阿比让，妇女和废物焚烧场（WB）暴露于学生的危险之中
科特迪瓦的一个摩托车交通站点和贝宁科托努的一个摩托车司机交通站点。平均PE PM2.5质量浓度为331.7 ± 190.7，
DF、WB和MT为356.9 ± 71.9和242.8 ± 67.6 µ g m-3
妇女、学生和司机的网站，分别是2.4、10.3和6.4倍
环境PM2.5浓度。PE PM2.5升高
旱季的浓度水平在DF（358.8 ± 100.5 µ g m − 3），
WB（494.3 ± 15.8 µ g m − 3）和MT（335.1 ± 72.1 µ g m − 3）位点，
平均比DF高15%，
湿季的WB和MT站点。季节性变化归因于
排放源、气象因素和个人活动。在
此外，研究结果还表明，地质物质（35.8%，46.0%，
42.4有机质含量分别为34.1%、23.3%和24.9
DF、WB和MT站点PE PM2.5的主要成分。值得注意的
重金属的贡献率WB（1.0%）高于DF
(0.7%）和MT（0.4%）站点，受废物焚烧的强烈影响
排气中这导致重金属对学生的非癌症风险最高，分别是妇女和司机的5.1倍和4.8倍。通过进行有机物种形成，指纹被用来访问
暴露，并确定来自典型的当地
人为来源。女性暴露于颗粒物的浓度
DF处的多环芳烃（PAHs）（77.4 ± 47.9 ng m − 3）
分别是WB学生（49.9 ± 30.7 ng m − 3）和MT驾驶员（37.0 ± 7.4 ng m − 3）的1.6倍和2.1倍。这
可能与固体燃料燃烧的较高贡献有关，
烤肉活动的妇女，导致在一个水平5倍的癌症的发病率
风险安全阈值（1 × 10 - 6）。邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs），
通常用作产品中的增塑剂，
学生接触PM2.5样本（1380.4 ± 335.2 ng m − 3），由于
附近有明显的垃圾焚烧活动司机暴露于化石
MT时PE PM2.5中Hopanes的燃料燃烧标志物（50.9 ± 7.9 ng m − 3）
是DF妇女（17.1 ± 6.4 ng m − 3）和WB学生（15.6 ± 6.1 ng m − 3）的3.0 - 3.3倍。总的来说，目前的研究表明，木材燃烧，废物燃烧，
扬尘和机动车排放是PEPM2.5的主要来源，是其毒性的主要贡献者。暴露于
重金属Pb和Mn对WB学生的非癌症风险较高，
而DF女性通过吸入多环芳烃有严重的癌症风险。的
本研究的结果提供了原始数据，初步的观点，
发展中国家PM2.5个人暴露与健康风险评估
地区这些信息鼓励政府改善空气质量
这一地区居民的生活水平。
Abstract. Urbanization is an issue that is strongly emerging in southern West Africa (sWA).
There is a lack of full understanding on chemical compositions and personal
exposure levels to fine particulate matter (hereafter defined as PE PM2.5) and its health
risks related to various anthropogenic sources in this region. In this
study, PE PM2.5 was studied in dry (January) and wet
(July) seasons of 2016 for the first time to characterize the contributions of a domestic fire site
(DF) to the exposure of women and a waste burning site (WB) to that of students in Abidjan, Côte
d'Ivoire, and a motorcycle traffic site (MT) to that of drivers in Cotonou, Benin. The average PE PM2.5 mass concentrations were 331.7±190.7,
356.9±71.9 and 242.8±67.6 µg m−3 at DF, WB and MT
sites for women, students and drivers, which were 2.4, 10.3 and 6.4 times
the ambient PM2.5 concentrations, respectively. Elevated PE PM2.5
levels in the dry season were found at DF (358.8±100.5 µg m−3),
WB (494.3±15.8 µg m−3) and MT (335.1±72.1 µg m−3) sites,
on average 15 % higher than that at DF and 55 % higher at
both WB and MT sites in the wet season. The seasonal variations were attributed to
emission sources, meteorological factors and personal activities. In
addition, the results show that geological material (35.8 %, 46.0 % and
42.4 %) and organic matter (34.1 %, 23.3 % and 24.9 %) were the
major components of PE PM2.5 at DF, WB and MT sites. It is worth noting
that the contribution of heavy metals was higher at WB (1.0 %) than at DF
(0.7 %) and MT (0.4 %) sites, strongly influenced by waste burning
emission. This results in the highest non-cancer risks of heavy metals to students, 5.1 and 4.8 times the values for women and drivers, respectively. By conducting organic speciation, fingerprints were used to access the
exposure and identify the source contributions from typical local
anthropogenic sources. The women's exposure concentration to particulate
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at DF (77.4±47.9 ng m−3)
was 1.6 and 2.1 times, respectively, that of students at WB (49.9±30.7 ng m−3) and of drivers at MT (37.0±7.4 ng m−3). This
can be associated with the higher contributions from solid fuels' burning and
meat grilling activities to women, resulting in a level 5 times in exceedance of the cancer
risk safety threshold (1×10-6). Phthalate esters (PAEs),
commonly used as plasticizers in products, were in high levels in the
student exposure PM2.5 samples (1380.4±335.2 ng m−3), owing
to obvious waste burning activities nearby. The drivers' exposures to fossil
fuel combustion markers of hopanes in PE PM2.5 at MT (50.9±7.9 ng m−3)
was 3.0–3.3 times those for women at DF (17.1±6.4 ng m−3) and students at WB (15.6±6.1 ng m−3). Overall, the current study shows that wood combustion, waste burning,
fugitive dust and motor vehicle emissions were the dominant sources of PE PM2.5 and mainly contributed to its toxicities. The exposure to
the heavy metals Pb and Mn caused high non-cancer risks to students at WB,
while the severe cancer risk of PAHs was found for women at DF via inhalation. The
result of this study provides original data, initial perspective of
PM2.5 personal exposure and health risk assessment in the developing
areas. The information encourages the governments to improve the air quality
and living standards of residents in this region.