Integration of morphological data sets for phylogenetic analysis of amniota: The importance of integumentary characters and increased taxonomic sampling
Integration of morphological data sets for phylogenetic analysis of amniota: The importance of integumentary characters and increased taxonomic sampling
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DOI：
10.1080/10635150590950326
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发表时间：
2005-08-01
影响因子：
6.5
通讯作者：
Hill, RV
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hill, RV
几个相互排斥的假说已经被提出来解释龟类的系统发育中的位置。传统的基于形态学的分析将海龟置于灭绝的anapsids（具有坚固头骨屋顶的爬行动物）中，而最近的形态学和分子数据研究支持海龟起源于Diapsida（具有双开窗头骨屋顶的爬行动物）。这些相互冲突的假设的评估已受到阻碍的非重叠的分类样本和重要的分类群从出版的分析排除。此外，虽然软组织和解剖系统，如珠被的数据可能是特别相关的这个问题，他们往往被排除在大规模的形态系统学分析。在这里，海龟关系的相互冲突的假设进行了测试：（1）结合出版的数据到一个超级矩阵的形态特征，以解决问题的字符冲突和丢失的数据;（2）增加分类抽样的数量增加一倍以上的操作分类单位，以测试内部的关系超属内类群;（3）通过增加关于外皮的骨骼学和组织学的新数据，将特征采样增加约25%，外皮是一种在形态系统学中历史上代表性不足的解剖系统。这里收集的形态数据集代表了迄今为止最大的羊水动物数据集。重新评估以前的研究的特征数据，支持的假设，海龟确实有双壳类的亲和力。单独增加新的内群类群导致整体系统发育分辨率下降，表明现有的字符用于hepatocote hepatogeny不足以解释更高度嵌套类群的进化。然而，从珠被的软质和骨质成分中纳入新的数据，有助于解决基础和高度嵌套的类间的关系。从已发表的来源和原始数据编译的数据集分析本研究支持单系羊膜，Synapsida，爬行动物，Parareptilia，Eureptilia，Eosuchia，Diapsida，Neodiapsida，Sauria，Lepidosauria和Archosauriformes，以及后两个分支内的几个更高度嵌套的部门。海龟在这里解决的姐妹分类群的单系Lepidosauria（有鳞+楔齿龙），一个新的系统发育的位置，但最近的分子和形态学的研究，假设这支diapsid的亲和力是一致的。
Several mutually exclusive hypotheses have been advanced to explain the phylogenetic position of turtles among amniotes. Traditional morphology-based analyses place turtles among extinct anapsids (reptiles with a solid skull roof), whereas more recent studies of both morphological and molecular data support an origin of turtles from within Diapsida (reptiles with a doubly fenestrated skull roof). Evaluation of these conflicting hypotheses has been hampered by nonoverlapping taxonomic samples and the exclusion of significant taxa from published analyses. Furthermore, although data from soft tissues and anatomical systems such as the integument may be particularly relevant to this problem, they are often excluded from large-scale analyses of morphological systematics. Here, conflicting hypotheses of turtle relationships are tested by (1) combining published data into a supermatrix of morphological characters to address issues of character conflict and missing data; (2) increasing taxonomic sampling by more than doubling the number of operational taxonomic units to test internal relationships within suprageneric ingroup taxa; and (3) increasing character sampling by approximately 25% by adding new data on the osteology and histology of the integument, an anatomical system that has been historically under-represented in morphological systematics. The morphological data set assembled here represents the largest yet compiled for Amniota. Reevaluation of character data from prior studies of amniote phylogeny favors the hypothesis that turtles indeed have diapsid affinities. Addition of new ingroup taxa alone leads to a decrease in overall phylogenetic resolution, indicating that existing characters used for amniote phylogeny are insufficient to explain the evolution of more highly nested taxa. Incorporation of new data from the soft and osseous components of the integument, however, helps resolve relationships among both basal and highly nested amniote taxa. Analysis of a data set compiled from published sources and data original to this study supports monophyly of Amniota, Synapsida, Reptilia, Parareptilia, Eureptilia, Eosuchia, Diapsida, Neodiapsida, Sauria, Lepidosauria, and Archosauriformes, as well as several more highly nested divisions within the latter two clades. Turtles are here resolved as the sister taxon to a monophyletic Lepidosauria (squamates + Sphenodon), a novel phylogenetic position that nevertheless is consistent with recent molecular and morphological studies that have hypothesized diapsid affinities for this clade.