Why Women Hunt
Why Women Hunt
复制标题
女性为何狩猎
作者：
R. Bliege Bird;Douglas W. Bird
一种古老的人类学理论将狩猎采集生活中的性别差异归因于家庭经济生产中的规模经济：女性从事与儿童看护相适应的任务，男性必要时为妻子和后代提供猎肉。这一理论很少解释澳大利亚马尔图人之间的劳动分工，那里的女性广泛狩猎，在觅食决定中的性别不对称与男性和女性不同的社会策略有关。女性主要捕猎小的、可预测的猎物(蜥蜴)，以提供小亲属网络，喂养孩子，并维持她们与其他女性的合作关系。他们在大丰收与更大的确定性之间进行权衡。男人们把狩猎作为一种政治策略，用一种“竞争宽宏大量”的形式在仪式等级中提升地位，并展示他们保持神圣知识的能力。能够为最多的人提供最多肉类的资源最适合这一战略，结果是重点放在袋鼠身上。男人们牺牲了猎人家庭的可靠消费利益，以换取猎人个人社会地位上的更多不可预测的利益。参与竞争性宽宏大量的成本和收益的性别差异构成了男性更倾向于风险，而女性更厌恶风险的觅食决定。
An old anthropological theory ascribes gender differences in hunter‐gatherer subsistence to an economy of scale in household economic production: women pursue child‐care‐compatible tasks and men, of necessity, provision wives and offspring with hunted meat. This theory explains little about the division of labor among the Australian Martu, where women hunt extensively and gendered asymmetry in foraging decisions is linked to men’s and women’s different social strategies. Women hunt primarily small, predictable game (lizards) to provision small kin networks, to feed children, and to maintain their cooperative relationships with other women. They trade off large harvests against greater certainty. Men hunt as a political strategy, using a form of “competitive magnanimity” to rise in the ritual hierarchy and demonstrate their capacity to keep sacred knowledge. Resources that can provision the most people with the most meat best fit this strategy, resulting in an emphasis on kangaroo. Men trade off reliable consumption benefits to the hunter’s family for more unpredictable benefits in social standing for the individual hunter. Gender differences in the costs and benefits of engaging in competitive magnanimity structure men’s more risk‐prone and women’s more risk‐averse foraging decisions.