Guild Structure and Niche Differentiation in Echolocating Bats
Guild Structure and Niche Differentiation in Echolocating Bats
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DOI：
10.1007/978-1-4939-3527-7_6
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发表时间：
2016-01-01
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Schnitzler, Hans-Ulrich
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作者：
Denzinger, Annette;Kalko, Elisabeth K. V.;Schnitzler, Hans-Ulrich
蝙蝠在生态上比任何其他哺乳动物类群都更加多样化。一个物种在当地生态系统中的位置最好通过其偏好的栖息地类型和觅食模式来描述。回声定位蝙蝠分为七个行会，每个行会被定义为一组以类似方式利用同一类环境资源的物种。一个行会的成员在相似的生态条件下觅食，并具有相似的感觉和运动适应能力，因此经过充分研究的物种的行为模式对同一行会的其他物种具有很高的预测价值。来自不同行会的物种在利用资源和寻找猎物的方式上有所不同。属于不同行会的物种通常不会争夺食物。在行会内部，利基差异导致可用资源的划分。根据觅食行为，可以区分三个主要的生态位空间。在空中鹰捕和拖网捕捞中，生态位分化主要由猎物相对于背景的位置决定，主要反映在身体大小、回声定位行为和飞行形态的差异上。在扑动检测觅食者中，身体大小和 CF-FM 信号相应频率的差异反映了生态位差异。在拾穗觅食者中，生态位分化与回声定位行为的明显差异无关，但与体型的巨大差异以及对特定饮食的不同感觉运动适应有关。
Bats are ecologically more diverse than any other group of mammals. The position of a species within a local ecosystem is best described by its preferred habitat type and foraging mode. Echolocating bats fall into seven guilds, each defined as a group of species that exploits the same class of environmental resources in a similar way. Members of a guild forage under similar ecological conditions and share similar sensory and motor adaptations, so the behavioral patterns of well-studied species have high predictive value for other species of the same guild. Species from different guilds differ in the resources they exploit and how they forage for prey. Species belonging to different guilds usually do not compete for food. Within guilds, niche differentiation results in a partitioning of the available resources. Based on foraging behavior, three main niche spaces can be discriminated. In aerial-hawking and trawling foragers, niche differentiation is dominated by the prey’s position in relation to the background and is reflected mainly in differences in body size, echolocation behavior, and flight morphology. In flutter-detecting foragers, differences in body size and corresponding frequency of the CF-FM signals reflect niche differentiation. In gleaning foragers, niche differentiation is not correlated with clear differences in echolocation behavior but by large differences in body size and by distinct sensory-motor adaptations for specific diets.