Staging Social Structures: Ritual and Social Organisation in an Egalitarian Society. The Pastoral Pokot of Northern Kenya
Staging Social Structures: Ritual and Social Organisation in an Egalitarian Society. The Pastoral Pokot of Northern Kenya
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分阶段社会结构：平等社会中的仪式和社会组织。
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发表时间：
2000
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通讯作者：
M. Bollig
中科院分区：
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作者：
M. Bollig
肯尼亚北部的波科特牧民代表了他们的社会是高度按血统和年龄划分的。血统群体（氏族，世系）和年龄等级（年龄组，世代组）被描绘成一个复杂的等级和连贯系统中有界限但相关的单位，这是Pokot社会的本质，在主要仪式中被上演和可视化。这项研究表明，它们在Pokot经济交换中并不重要。对以个体为中心的牲畜交换网络的形式化分析表明，语言表征与实际交换行为不符。作为对业已确立的结构主义田园社会系统的补充，本文对代理方面进行了研究，这在很大程度上是未被探索的。它进一步记录了社会交换如何包含在各种血统和年龄分级制度中。从历史的角度来看，牧民波科特从一个支离破碎的以氏族为基础的农牧社会发展而来，在这个社会中，血统是土地使用权和冲突管理的主要秩序原则，成为一个更全面的社会实体，与外部有明确的边界，密集的内部交换网络，以及子群体合作的强烈表现。随着流动畜牧业的迅速采用，广泛的交换网络和与更广泛的不相关行为者群体的社会互动的兴起，标志着畜牧社会的基础。
The pastoral Pokot of northern Kenya represent their society as highly structured by descent and age grading. Descent groups (clans, lineages) and age grades (age sets, generation sets) are depicted as bounded but related units within a complex hierarchical and coherent system, the essence of Pokot society which is staged and visualised in major rituals. This study shows that they are not important in Pokot economic exchange. The formal analysis of livestock exchange networks centred upon individuals shows that emic representations do not match actual exchange behaviour. Complementing the well-established structuralist representation of pastoral social systems, this paper investigates the agency aspect, which has been largely unexplored. It furthermore documents how social exchange is contained in the various institutions of descent and age grading. Contextualising the case historically it is shown that the pastoral Pokot developed from a fragmented clan-based agro-pastoral society in which descent was the main ordering principle for land tenure and conflict management into a more comprehensive social entity with clearly definable borders to the outside, dense internal exchange networks and strong representations of the corporateness of subgroups. The rapid adoption of mobile livestock husbandry was accompanied by the rise of widespread exchange networks and social interaction with a much wider group of unrelated actors marking the foundations of a pastoral society.