Integration and dissociation of limb elements in flying vertebrates: a comparison of pterosaurs, birds and bats
Integration and dissociation of limb elements in flying vertebrates: a comparison of pterosaurs, birds and bats
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02381.x
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发表时间：
2011-12-01
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
Goswami, A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bell, E.;Andres, B.;Goswami, A.
拍打翅膀飞行在三个脊椎动物分支中独立进化：翼龙，鸟类和蝙蝠。每个分支都有一个独特的飞行机制，涉及前肢的不同元素。在这里，肢体整合的模式进行了检查，使用偏相关分析物种和跨物种的矩阵相关分析，以测试是否扑翼飞行的进化涉及发展解离的系列同系物在每个分支的前和后肢。我们的样本包括7种鸟类、6种蝙蝠和3种翼龙，样本量足够。我们的研究结果表明，与先前报道的四足哺乳动物的结果相反，这三个分支中没有一个表现出在前肢和后肢中的系列同源物之间的显著整合。出乎意料的是，有几个一致的模式内前肢的相关性在每个分支，这表明翼整合并没有强烈的功能关系的约束。然而，在翼龙和鸟类的后肢中有显著的整合，但不是蝙蝠，这可能反映了这些分支中后肢的不同功能（例如直立支撑与悬挂）。
Flapping flight has evolved independently in three vertebrate clades: pterosaurs, birds and bats. Each clade has a unique flight mechanism involving different elements of the forelimb. Here, patterns of limb integration are examined using partial correlation analysis within species and matrix correlation analysis across species to test whether the evolution of flapping flight has involved developmental dissociation of the serial homologues in the fore- and hind limb in each clade. Our sample included seven species of birds, six species of bats, and three species of pterosaurs for which sufficient sample sizes were available. Our results showed that, in contrast to results previously reported for quadrupedal mammals, none of the three clades demonstrated significant integration between serial homologues in the fore- and hind limb. Unexpectedly, there were few consistent patterns of within-forelimb correlations across each clade, suggesting that wing integration is not strongly constrained by functional relationships. However, there was significant integration within the hind limbs of pterosaurs and birds, but not bats, possibly reflecting the differing functions of hind limbs (e.g. upright support vs. suspension) in these clades.