Effect of creatinine and specific gravity normalization on urinary biomarker 1,6-hexamethylene diamine
Effect of creatinine and specific gravity normalization on urinary biomarker 1,6-hexamethylene diamine
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DOI：
10.1039/b921073c
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发表时间：
2010-01-01
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Nylander-French, Leena A.
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文献类型：
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作者：
Gaines, Linda G. T.;Fent, Kenneth W.;Nylander-French, Leena A.
尿胺水平被用作二异氰酸酯暴露的生物标志物，通常与肌酐浓度归一化。在暴露评估中使用肌酐浓度或比重作为这些生物标志物的适宜性尚未确定。我们利用对汽车喷漆工人职业接触1，6-六亚甲基二异氰酸酯(HDI)的定量皮肤和吸入暴露数据，在多元混合线性回归模型中研究了肌酐浓度和比重对尿液1，6-六亚甲基二胺(HDA)水平的影响。画家的皮肤和呼吸区HDI暴露被监测了整个工作日，最多三个工作日，间隔大约一个月。在开始使用含HDI的油漆之前，收集了一个尿样，并在整个工作日收集了多个样本。肌酐浓度和比重都是尿中HDA水平的非常显著的预测因子(p<；0.0001)。当在同一模型中同时使用这两种方法时，肌酐仍然非常显著(p<；0.0001)，但比重显著降低(p值0.10-0.17)。我们使用不同的个体因素来确定哪些因素会影响肌酐和比重。尿液采集时间对比重(p=0.003)和肌酐浓度(p=0.001)有非常显著的预测作用。在肌酐模型中，吸烟者的地位显著(p=0.026)。研究结果表明，与比重相比，肌酐浓度更适合于说明尿水含量；在HDI暴露评估模型中，最好使用肌酐作为自变量，而不是用传统的尿肌酐浓度进行归一化。
Urine amine levels used as biomarkers of diisocyanate exposure have usually been normalized with creatinine concentration. The suitability of using creatinine concentration or specific gravity for these biomarkers in exposure assessment has not been established. We investigated the effect of creatinine concentration and specific gravity on urine 1,6-hexamethylene diamine (HDA) levels in multiple mixed linear regression models using quantitative dermal and inhalation exposure data derived from a survey of automotive spray painters occupationally exposed to 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). Painters' dermal and breathing-zone HDI exposure were monitored for an entire workday for up to three workdays spaced approximately one month apart. One urine sample was collected before the start of work with HDI-containing paints, and multiple samples were collected throughout the workday. Both creatinine concentration and specific gravity were highly significant predictors (p < 0.0001) of urine HDA levels. When these two were used together in the same model, creatinine remained highly significant (p < 0.0001), but specific gravity decreased in significance (p-values 0.10-0.17). We used different individual factors to determine which affected creatinine and specific gravity. Urine collection time was a highly significant predictor of specific gravity (p = 0.003) and creatinine concentration (p = 0.001). Smoker status was significant (p = 0.026) in the creatinine model. The findings indicate that creatinine concentration is more appropriate to account for urine water content than specific gravity and that creatinine is best used as an independent variable in HDI exposure assessment models instead of traditional urine normalization with creatinine concentration.