BAERLIN2014 – the influence of land surface types on and the horizontal heterogeneity of air pollutant levels in Berlin-猫眼课题宝

DOI：

10.5194/acp-16-7785-2016

发表时间：

2016-06

期刊：

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

影响因子：

6.3

通讯作者：

中科院分区：

地球科学1区

文献类型：

作者：

B. Bonn;E. Schneidemesser;D. Andrich;J. Quedenau;H. Gerwig;A. Lüdecke;J. Kura;A. Pietsch;C. Ehlers;D. Klemp;C. Kofahl;Rainer Nothard;A. Kerschbaumer;W. Junkermann;R. Grote;T. Pohl;K. Weber;Birgit Lode;P. Schönberger;G. Churkina;T. Butler;M. Lawrence

抽象的。城市空气质量和人类健康是未来城市规划的关键方面。为了应对臭氧和颗粒物等污染物，需要努力量化和降低其浓度。了解城市空气质量的一个重要方面是城市植被的影响，它可以作为痕量气体和气溶胶颗粒的排放源和汇。在此背景下，6月2日至8月29日在德国的柏林和勃兰登堡大都市区开展了“柏林空气质量和生态系统研究：2014年人为和天然碳氢化合物的局部和长期影响”（BAERLIN 2014）活动。该运动的主要目标是：（1）确定城市气体和微粒污染的特征，并将其归因于有关区域的人为和自然来源，特别是考虑到生物挥发性有机化合物和微粒与臭氧之间的联系;（2）量化城市植被对有机痕量气体水平和臭氧等氧化剂存在的影响;（3）通过定义与模式模拟解释相关的源和汇的分布来解释污染物的局部异质性。为了做到这一点，该活动包括在城市背景站进行的固定测量和从自行车、货车和空中平台进行的移动的观测。本文概述了移动的测量（移动的BAERLIN 2014）以及从分析中得出的一般结论。自行车的测量表明，温度和颗粒物的微尺度变化，显示了显着降低的平均温度和颗粒物水平在附近的植被地区相比，典型的城市住宅区（背景）的测量。货车测量扩大了自行车观测所覆盖的区域，包括在交通和植被影响的代表性地点连续测量O3、NOx、CO、CO2和逐点测量挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）。量化显示出显着的横向异质性的短寿命的气体和粒子数浓度。例如，在任何测量位置周围100 m的尺度上，与交通相关的化学物质CO和NO的基线浓度平均变化分别高达± 22.2%和± 63.5%。空中观测显示，城市颗粒物数量和质量浓度升高的主要来源是当地的，即，不是由远距离运输引起的。基于地面的观察这两个参数主要是交通来源。植被覆盖的地区大大降低了污染物浓度，臭氧减少最多的针叶林，这是最有可能造成的反应性生物源挥发性有机化合物的排放。就降低空气污染物水平的总体潜力而言，森林的降幅最大，其次是公园和运动休闲设施。植被覆盖地区的地表温度一般低0.6-2.1 °C，这反过来又会对对流层化学过程产生影响。根据我们的研究结果，未来有效的缓解活动，以提供一个更可持续和更健康的城市环境，应主要集中在减少交通化石燃料排放以及增加植被面积。

Abstract. Urban air quality and human health are among the key aspects of future urban planning. In order to address pollutants such as ozone and particulate matter, efforts need to be made to quantify and reduce their concentrations. One important aspect in understanding urban air quality is the influence of urban vegetation which may act as both emitter and sink for trace gases and aerosol particles. In this context, the "Berlin Air quality and Ecosystem Research: Local and long-range Impact of anthropogenic and Natural hydrocarbons 2014" (BAERLIN2014) campaign was conducted between 2 June and 29 August in the metropolitan area of Berlin and Brandenburg, Germany. The predominant goals of the campaign were (1) the characterization of urban gaseous and particulate pollution and its attribution to anthropogenic and natural sources in the region of interest, especially considering the connection between biogenic volatile organic compounds and particulates and ozone; (2) the quantification of the impact of urban vegetation on organic trace gas levels and the presence of oxidants such as ozone; and (3) to explain the local heterogeneity of pollutants by defining the distribution of sources and sinks relevant for the interpretation of model simulations. In order to do so, the campaign included stationary measurements at urban background station and mobile observations carried out from bicycle, van and airborne platforms. This paper provides an overview of the mobile measurements (Mobile BAERLIN2014) and general conclusions drawn from the analysis. Bicycle measurements showed micro-scale variations of temperature and particulate matter, displaying a substantial reduction of mean temperatures and particulate levels in the proximity of vegetated areas compared to typical urban residential area (background) measurements. Van measurements extended the area covered by bicycle observations and included continuous measurements of O3, NOx, CO, CO2 and point-wise measurement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at representative sites for traffic- and vegetation-affected sites. The quantification displayed notable horizontal heterogeneity of the short-lived gases and particle number concentrations. For example, baseline concentrations of the traffic-related chemical species CO and NO varied on average by up to ±22.2 and ±63.5 %, respectively, on the scale of 100 m around any measurement location. Airborne observations revealed the dominant source of elevated urban particulate number and mass concentrations being local, i.e., not being caused by long-range transport. Surface-based observations related these two parameters predominantly to traffic sources. Vegetated areas lowered the pollutant concentrations substantially with ozone being reduced most by coniferous forests, which is most likely caused by their reactive biogenic VOC emissions. With respect to the overall potential to reduce air pollutant levels, forests were found to result in the largest decrease, followed by parks and facilities for sports and leisure. Surface temperature was generally 0.6–2.1 °C lower in vegetated regions, which in turn will have an impact on tropospheric chemical processes. Based on our findings, effective future mitigation activities to provide a more sustainable and healthier urban environment should focus predominantly on reducing fossil-fuel emissions from traffic as well as on increasing vegetated areas.

BAERLIN2014 – the influence of land surface types on and the horizontal heterogeneity of air pollutant levels in Berlin

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