Energy Policy between Multilateral Governance and Geopolitics: Whither Europe?
Energy Policy between Multilateral Governance and Geopolitics: Whither Europe?
复制标题
多边治理与地缘政治之间的能源政策：欧洲向何处去？
DOI：
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发表时间：
2006
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Kirsten Westphal
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Kirsten Westphal
2006年初，欧盟及其成员国为确保欧盟能源市场的外部能源供应而加强和日益仓促的活动：欧盟轮值主席国奥地利将能源安全列入议程，欧盟委员会发布了一份新的绿皮书，题为“可持续、有竞争力和安全能源的欧洲战略”（com(2006) 317）， 2006年3月23日组织了一次能源峰会。这一切都发生在2006年1月1日至4日俄乌天然气争端之后。为什么这一双边争端对欧盟的政策产生了如此大的影响？它是否会如预期的那样，促成欧盟委员会（european Commission）所推动的一个新的多边治理结构？这篇文章将首先关注新提案，并根据其“新颖性”对其进行审查。“其次，通过回顾欧洲能源市场的发展和过去十年出现的治理结构，将实现这一目标。我们认为，在过去的15年里，欧盟采取了多边管理和合作监管能源贸易的举措，并以此回应了国际能源体系的新发展。然而，正如我们将描述的那样，这些“多边治理”的尝试在效率方面面临着严重的限制。原因是能源贸易广泛受到地缘政治的支配，正如Klare（2001年和2004年）、Yetiv（2004年）、Umbach（2003年）、Kalicki和Goldwyn（2005年）等人从新现实主义的角度分析的那样。这篇文章采取了另一种方法，并提出了为什么这一政策领域——与多边全球治理努力集中的贸易、环境和气候等政策领域密切相关——几乎没有得到合作治理，尽管多边治理的必要性日益增加。正如德国外交部长最近所写：“能源安全将强烈影响21世纪的全球安全议程，我们需要多边治理和地缘政治之间的合作能源政策：欧洲向何处去？”
The beginning of 2006 witnessed intensified and increasingly hasty activities on the part of the European Union and its member states to secure external energy supplies for the eu energy market: The Austrian eu presidency put energy security on its agenda, the eu Commission issued a new Green Paper on »A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy« (com (2006) 317), and an energy summit was organized on March 23, 2006. All this happened in the aftermath of the Russian-Ukrainian gas dispute of January 1 to 4, 2006. Why has this bilateral dispute had such an effect on eu policies and will it result – as intended – in a new multilateral governance structure as promoted by the eu Commission? This contribution will focus first on the new proposals and review them in terms of their »novelty.« This will be done, second, by reviewing the development of European energy markets and the governance structure that has emerged in the last decade. We shall argue that the eu has undertaken initiatives to multilaterally govern and cooperatively regulate energy trade over the last 15 years and in doing so has responded to new developments in the international energy system. However, as we shall describe, these attempts at »multilateral governance« have faced serious limitations in terms of efficiency. The reason is that energy trade has been widely dominated by geopolitics as analyzed in neo-realist terms by Klare (2001 and 2004), Yetiv (2004), Umbach (2003), Kalicki and Goldwyn (2005) among others. This contribution takes another approach and asks why this policy field – closely related to such policy fields as trade, environment, and climate, where multilateral global governance efforts are concentrated – is scarcely governed cooperatively, despite the growing necessity for multilateral governance. As the German Minister of Foreign Affairs wrote recently: »Energy security will strongly influence the global security agenda in the 21st century [and] we need a cooperative energy Energy Policy between Multilateral Governance and Geopolitics: Whither Europe?