Advances in point-of-care nucleic acid extraction technologies for rapid diagnosis of human and plant diseases
Advances in point-of-care nucleic acid extraction technologies for rapid diagnosis of human and plant diseases
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/j.bios.2020.112592
复制
发表时间：
2020-12-01
影响因子：
12.6
通讯作者：
Wei, Qingshan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Paul, Rajesh;Ostermann, Emily;Wei, Qingshan
全球卫生和粮食安全不断面临由细菌、病毒、真菌和其他病原体引起的人类和植物疾病的挑战。SARS、MERS、猪流感、埃博拉和COVID-19（持续）等疾病爆发在全球范围内造成了痛苦、死亡和经济损失。为了防止疾病传播和保护人类，人类和植物疾病的快速床旁（POC）分子诊断发挥着越来越重要的作用。基于核酸的分子诊断在基因组水平上揭示了有关致病病原体及其发病机制的身份的有价值信息，这有助于研究人员，医疗保健专业人员和患者检测病原体的存在，跟踪疾病的传播，并更有效地指导治疗。典型的基于核酸的诊断测试由三个主要步骤组成：核酸提取、扩增和扩增子检测。在这些步骤中，核酸提取是样品制备的第一步，这仍然是将实验室分子检测转换为POC检测时的主要挑战之一。从人类和植物标本制备样品是一个耗时的多步骤过程，需要设备齐全的实验室和熟练的实验室人员。为了在资源有限的环境中进行快速分子诊断，需要更简单和无仪器的核酸提取技术，以提高现场检测的速度，同时最大限度地减少人为干预。本文就POC核酸提取技术的研究进展作一综述。特别是，这篇评论集中在新的设备或方法，已证明适用性和鲁棒性的高品质的核酸从复杂的原始样品，如人的血液，唾液，痰，鼻拭子，尿液和植物组织的分离。这些快速核酸制备方法与小型化测定和传感器技术的整合将为人类和植物疾病的“样品输入-结果输出”诊断铺平道路，特别是在偏远或资源有限的环境中。
Global health and food security constantly face the challenge of emerging human and plant diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other pathogens. Disease outbreaks such as SARS, MERS, Swine Flu, Ebola, and COVID-19 (on-going) have caused suffering, death, and economic losses worldwide. To prevent the spread of disease and protect human populations, rapid point-of-care (POC) molecular diagnosis of human and plant diseases play an increasingly crucial role. Nucleic acid-based molecular diagnosis reveals valuable information at the genomic level about the identity of the disease-causing pathogens and their pathogenesis, which help researchers, healthcare professionals, and patients to detect the presence of pathogens, track the spread of disease, and guide treatment more efficiently. A typical nucleic acid-based diagnostic test consists of three major steps: nucleic acid extraction, amplification, and amplicon detection. Among these steps, nucleic acid extraction is the first step of sample preparation, which remains one of the main challenges when converting laboratory molecular assays into POC tests. Sample preparation from human and plant specimens is a time-consuming and multi-step process, which requires well-equipped laboratories and skilled lab personnel. To perform rapid molecular diagnosis in resource-limited settings, simpler and instrument-free nucleic acid extraction techniques are required to improve the speed of field detection with minimal human intervention. This review summarizes the recent advances in POC nucleic acid extraction technologies. In particular, this review focuses on novel devices or methods that have demonstrated applicability and robustness for the isolation of high-quality nucleic acid from complex raw samples, such as human blood, saliva, sputum, nasal swabs, urine, and plant tissues. The integration of these rapid nucleic acid preparation methods with miniaturized assay and sensor technologies would pave the mad for the "sample-in-result-out" diagnosis of human and plant diseases, especially in remote or resource-limited settings.