A review of avian influenza in different bird species
A review of avian influenza in different bird species
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DOI：
10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00160-7
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发表时间：
2000-05-22
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Alexander, DJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Alexander, DJ
目前已知只有 A 型流感病毒会引起鸟类自然感染，但所有 15 种血凝素和所有 9 种神经氨酸酶 A 型流感病毒的大部分可能组合都已从鸟类中分离出来。感染家禽的甲型流感病毒根据其致病能力可分为两个不同的组。这种毒性很强的病毒会引起高致病性禽流感（HPAI），死亡率可能高达 100%。这些病毒仅限于 H5 和 H7 亚型，但并非所有这些亚型病毒都会引起 HPAI。所有其他病毒引起的症状要轻得多，主要是呼吸道疾病，其他感染或环境条件可能会加剧这种疾病。自 1959 年以来，已报告家禽中高致病性禽流感暴发 17 次（自 1990 年以来 8 次），其中 5 次发生在火鸡中，12 次发生在鸡中。 HPAI 病毒很少从野生鸟类中分离出来，但监测研究记录了家禽低毒力病毒的分离率极高，鸭和鹅的总体数字约为 15%，所有其他物种的总体数字约为 2%。流感病毒已被证明会影响世界各地所有类型的家养或圈养鸟类，但任何类型的鸟类发生原发感染的频率取决于与野鸟的接触程度。二次传播通常与人类参与有关，可能是通过将感染性粪便从受感染的鸟类转移到易感鸟类身上。 (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. 保留所有权利。
Only type A influenza viruses are known to cause natural infections in birds, but viruses of all 15 haemagglutinin and all nine neuraminidase influenza A subtypes in the majority of possible combinations have been isolated from avian species. Influenza A viruses infecting poultry can be divided into two distinct groups on the basis of their ability to cause disease. The very virulent viruses cause highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), in which mortality may be as high as 100%. These viruses have been restricted to subtypes H5 and H7, although not all viruses of these subtypes cause HPAI. All other viruses cause a much milder, primarily respiratory disease, which may be exacerbated by other infections or environmental conditions. Since 1959, primary outbreaks of HPAI in poultry have been reported 17 times (eight since 1990), five in turkeys and 12 in chickens. HPAI viruses are rarely isolated from wild birds, but extremely high isolation rates of viruses of low virulence for poultry have been recorded in surveillance studies, giving overall figures of about 15% for ducks and geese and around 2% for all other species. Influenza viruses have been shown to affect all types of domestic or captive birds in all areas of the world, but the frequency with which primary infections occur in any type of bird depends on the degree of contact there is with feral birds. Secondary spread is usually associated with human involvement, probably by transferring infective faeces from infected to susceptible birds. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.