Drainage from the Critical Zone: Lithologic Controls on the Persistence and Spatial Extent of Wetted Channels during the Summer Dry Season

Drainage from the Critical Zone: Lithologic Controls on the Persistence and Spatial Extent of Wetted Channels during the Summer Dry Season
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关键带的排水:夏季旱季润湿河道持续性和空间范围的岩性控制

DOI:
10.1029/2017wr021903
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发表时间:
2018
影响因子:
5.4
通讯作者:
Dietrich, W. E.
Dietrich, W. E.
中科院分区:
地球科学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Lovill, S. M.;Hahm, W. J.;Dietrich, W. E.

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在季节性干旱的环境中,临界带排水提供了维持河流生态系统的基流。然而,整个网络中湿润通道的范围和基流的大小很少被记录下来,目前也没有能够预测这些关键生态系统特性的一般理论。我们在2012年、2014年和2015年的夏初和夏末对四个源头排水网络(2.8-17.0 km2,位于加利福尼亚北部的鳗鱼河方济会组)进行了河道调查,其中两个网络位于海岸带(泥质岩和层间砂岩)之下,另外两个网络位于中央带(剪切泥质基质,元沉积介质)之下。在所有的网络中,固定的弹簧控制着流量的范围。尽管在多年干旱期间进行了调查,但两个相邻的海岸带网络在夏末的几个月里仍然保持着流动,这是由储存在厚风化基岩上的地下水的排水维持的,这些地下水储存在新鲜的、不透水的基岩上。然而,流量减小,地表流动变得越来越不连续,这主要是由于渗透到河床上的厚砾石沉积物中。仅在23公里之外的中央带msamuange,由于薄的临界带(通常小于3米)储存的水很少,河道在夏季早期就停止了流动。所有夏末的流水都起源于深根砂岩块,并在短距离的下坡处终止。研究结果表明,岩性和关键带发育程度对湿化河道的范围起主要控制作用。在年降水量相似的情况下,附近流域的夏季湿润河道网络可能截然不同,从而导致根本不同的水生生态系统。
In seasonally dry environments, critical zone drainage provides base flow that sustains river ecosystems. The extent of wetted channels and magnitude of base flow throughout the network, however, are rarely documented, and no general theory currently exists enabling the prediction of these key ecosystem properties. We conducted channel surveys in early and late summers of 2012, 2014, and 2015 in four headwater drainage networks (2.8–17.0 km2, in the Franciscan Formation of the Eel River (Northern California)), two of which are underlain by the Coastal Belt (argillite and inter‐bedded sandstone) and two of which are underlain by the Central Belt (sheared argillaceous‐matrix, meta‐sedimentary mélange). In all networks, stationary springs controlled the extent of flow. Though surveyed during a period of multiyear drought, the two adjacent Coastal Belt networks remained flowing throughout late‐summer months, sustained by drainage from groundwater stored in thick weathered bedrock above fresh, impermeable bedrock. Flow magnitudes, however, decreased and surface flows became increasingly discontinuous, largely due to infiltration into thick gravel deposits on the channel bed. Only 23 km away, in the Central Belt mélange, channel flow ceased early in the summer because the thin critical zone (typically <3 m) stored little water. All late‐summer flowing water initiated from deep‐rooted sandstone blocks and terminated a short distance downslope. Our findings suggest that lithology and critical zone development exert primary controls on wetted channel extent. Given similar annual precipitation, nearby watersheds can have dramatically different summer wetted channel networks that result in fundamentally different aquatic ecosystems.
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