Cognitive interviewing: verbal data in the design and pretesting of questionnaires
Cognitive interviewing: verbal data in the design and pretesting of questionnaires
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DOI：
10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02579.x
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发表时间：
2003-04-01
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Drennan, J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Drennan, J
目的.本文的目的是讨论在问卷回答中出现的问题，以及如何在实地使用问卷之前使用认知访谈来识别有问题的问题。调查表的设计涉及拟订明确、毫不含糊的措辞，使答卷人能够成功地回答所提问题。然而，在答复者的理解和顺利完成调查表方面发现了一些问题。认知访谈是认知心理学和调查方法学的结合，旨在识别可能引起回答错误的问题。总体目标是使用认知理论来了解受访者如何感知和解释问题，并确定潜在的问题，可能会出现在前瞻性调查问卷。本文通过文献回顾，探讨了问卷设计的过程，以及认知访谈如何减少抽样误差，提高问卷回答率。认知面试涉及面试官要求调查受访者在通过调查问卷时大声思考，并告诉他们他们所想的一切。这样就可以从受访者的角度而不是研究人员的角度来理解问卷。认知访谈已被用于卫生保健研究的许多领域，以预先测试和验证问卷，并确保高应答率。现已发现，在为特定年龄组（儿童和青少年）编制调查表方面，以及在分发调查表之前确定答卷人对健康调查的了解方面，访谈非常有效。然而，认知访谈一直被批评为过于主观和artificial.Conclusion：认知访谈是一个积极的除了目前的方法预测试问卷之前，分配给样本。在对复杂的问题进行预测试时，这些方法最有价值，因为这些问题敏感，具有侵入性，而且对于填写调查表可能造成特殊困难的特定群体来说，这些方法也最有价值。
Purpose. The purpose of this paper is to discuss problems that occur in questionnaire responses and how cognitive interviewing can be used to identify problematic questions prior to using the questionnaire in the field.Background. Questionnaire design involves developing wording that is clear, unambiguous and permits respondents successfully to answer the question that is asked. However, a number of problems in relation to respondents' understanding and successfully completing questionnaires have been identified. Cognitive interviewing, an amalgamation of cognitive psychology and survey methodology, has been developed to identify problematic questions that may elicit response error. The overall aim is to use cognitive theory to understand how respondents perceive and interpret questions and to identify potential problems that may arise in prospective survey questionnaires.Methods. A literature review is used to examine the process of questionnaire design and how cognitive interviewing can be used to reduce sampling error and increase questionnaire response rates.Findings. Cognitive interviewing involves interviewers asking survey respondents to think out loud as they go through a survey questionnaire and tell them everything they are thinking. This allows understanding of the questionnaire from the respondents' perspective rather than that of the researchers. Cognitive interviews have been used in a number of areas in health care research to pretest and validate questionnaires and to ensure high response rates. Interviewing has been found to be highly effective in developing questionnaires for age specific groups (children and adolescents) and in ascertaining respondents' understanding in health surveys prior to distribution. However, cognitive interviews have been criticized for being overly subjective and artificial.Conclusion: Cognitive interviews are a positive addition to current methods of pretesting questionnaires prior to distribution to the sample. They are most valuable in pretesting questions that are complex, where questions are sensitive and intrusive and for specific groups for whom questionnaire completion may pose particular difficulties.