Transitions From Higher Education to Work
Transitions From Higher Education to Work
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从高等教育到工作的过渡
DOI：
10.1007/978-1-4020-5926-1_4
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发表时间：
2007
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
R. Velden
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jim Allen;R. Velden
过渡时期（“成人礼”）传统上被定义为全日制学校和全职工作之间的中间状态（Hannan和Werquin， 1999）。这种传统观点已经被抛弃，因为很明显，转型本身变得更加复杂和不稳定（OECD 2000）。自80年代以来，年轻人融入劳动力市场变得更加困难，这反映在长期失业、工作转移和工作不匹配上。此外，教育、职业培训和工作之间的界限变得不那么清晰，身份混杂（如双重体制中的教育和工作结合），途径多样化，越来越多的人在其职业生涯中不止一次越过这条线。虽然转型期的不稳定性在受教育程度低的人群中表现得最为明显，但由于所有西方社会高等教育的大规模扩张，受过高等教育的人的就业前景也恶化了（Teichler 1999）。有人对过度教育对教育回报的影响表示关切（Halaby 1994）。此外，有人对过渡问题的长期影响表示关切。青年失业是导致社会排斥还是个人职业生涯中的暂时现象？技能利用不足会导致技能过时吗？虽然许多国家对这些问题表示同样的关切，但这些问题并不普遍，解决办法也不普遍。像荷兰、德国和日本这样的一些国家似乎经历了相当平稳的过渡，而像法国和西班牙这样的国家则面临着严重而持久的问题（Shavitt和m<s:2> ller 1998; OECD 2000; Ryan 2001）。
The transition period (“rite de passage”) has traditionally been defined as an intermediate status between full-time schooling and full-time employment (Hannan and Werquin 1999). This traditional view has been abandoned as it became clear that the transition itself became more complex and precarious (OECD 2000). Since the eighties it has become more difficult for young people to integrate the labour market, as is reflected by longer periods of unemployment, job shifts and job mismatches. Moreover, the borderline between education, vocational training and work has become less clear, with mixed statuses (eg combining education and work as in the dual system), diversified pathways and more and more people crossing the line more than once in their working life.Although the precariousness of the transition period expressed itself most clearly among those with low levels of education, the employment prospects of those with higher education also deteriorated as a result of the mass expansion of higher education in all Western societies (Teichler 1999). Concern was expressed about the effect of over-education on the returns to education (Halaby 1994). Moreover, concern has been expressed as to the long-term effects of transition problems. Does youth unemployment lead to social exclusion or is it a temporary phenomenon in the individual career? Does under-utilisation of skills lead to skills obsolescence? Although many countries express the same concern about these issues, the problems are not universal, nor are the solutions. Some countries like the Netherlands, Germany and Japan seem to experience rather smooth transitions, whilst others like France and Spain face serious and lasting problems (Shavitt and Müller 1998; OECD 2000; Ryan 2001).
股票市场和机构：日本、德国和英国的观点
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2008
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
Julian Franks;Hideaki Miyajima
通讯作者：
Hideaki Miyajima