Designing payments for environmental services in theory and practice: An overview of the issues
Designing payments for environmental services in theory and practice: An overview of the issues
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.03.011
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发表时间：
2008-05-01
影响因子：
7
通讯作者：
Wunder, Sven
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Engel, Stefanie;Pagiola, Stefano;Wunder, Sven
环境服务付费(PES)作为一种将环境的外部非市场价值转化为对当地行为者提供环境服务的实际财政激励的机制，引起了越来越多的兴趣。在这篇介绍性论文中，我们回顾了生态经济学设计和实施中出现的主要问题，并从环境经济学的角度对这些问题进行了讨论，从而为本期生态经济学特刊的其余部分奠定了基础。我们首先讨论PES的定义和范围。我们继续回顾PES计划的一些主要维度和设计特征，然后分析PES与替代政策工具的比较。最后，我们详细研究了生态系统服务计划的两个重要方面：它们的有效性和分布影响。生态系统服务不是可以用来解决任何环境问题的灵丹妙药，而是一个为解决特定问题而量身定做的工具：从生态系统管理者的角度来看，生态系统管理不善是因为其许多好处是外部性的。PES是基于受益者付费而不是污染者付费的原则，因此在ES提供者是贫穷的、边缘化的土地所有者或强大的行为者群体的环境中是有吸引力的。PES中的一个重要区别是用户资助的PES和政府资助的PES，前者的买家是ES的用户，后者的买家是代表ES用户行事的其他人(通常是政府)。在实践中，PES方案在ES需求的类型和规模、支付来源、支付的活动类型、使用的绩效衡量以及支付方式和金额方面有所不同。PES的有效性和效率在很大程度上取决于程序设计。(C)2008年，爱思唯尔出版。
Payments for environmental services (PES) have attracted increasing interest as a mechanism to translate external, non-market values of the environment into real financial incentives for local actors to provide environmental services (ES). In this introductory paper, we set the stage for the rest of this Special Issue of Ecological Economics by reviewing the main issues arising in PES design and implementation and discussing these in the light of environmental economics. We start with a discussion of PES definition and scope. We proceed to review some of the principal dimensions and design characteristics of PES programs and then analyze how PES compares to alternative policy instruments. Finally, we examine in detail two important aspects of PES programs: their effectiveness and their distributional implications.PES is not a silver bullet that can be used to address any environmental problem, but a tool tailored to address a specific set of problems: those in which ecosystems are mismanaged because many of their benefits are externalities from the perspective of ecosystem managers. PES is based on the beneficiary-pays rather than the polluter-pays principle, and as such is attractive in settings where ES providers are poor, marginalized landholders or powerful groups of actors. An important distinction within PES is between user-financed PES in which the buyers are the users of the ES, and government-financed PES in which the buyers are others (typically the government) acting on behalf of ES users. In practice, PES programs differ in the type and scale of ES demand, the payment source, the type of activity paid for, the performance measure used, as well as the payment mode and amount. The effectiveness and efficiency of PES depends crucially on program design. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V.