Why Do Hens Pile? Hypothesizing the Causes and Consequences.
Why Do Hens Pile? Hypothesizing the Causes and Consequences.
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DOI：
10.3389/fvets.2020.616836
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发表时间：
2020
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Asher L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gray H;Davies R;Bright A;Rayner A;Asher L
堆积是蛋鸡的一种行为，个体聚集的密度比正常预期的要大。当堆积行为导致死亡时，这被称为窒息，其频繁但不可预测的发生是许多鸡蛋生产者的主要担忧。通常认为堆积有三种类型：恐慌堆积、巢箱堆积和重复堆积。虽然巢箱和恐慌堆积有明显的触发因素，但反复堆积却没有，这使其成为一种神秘且在行为学上有趣的行为。反复堆放的重复性可能会导致窒息的发生率更高，并可能产生未考虑到的亚致命后果。在这里，我们从行为学的角度考虑重复堆积的可能原因，并概述潜在的福利和生产后果。我们借鉴广泛的文献，考虑了从直接触发因素到个体发育和驯化过程的不同时间尺度的原因，最后考虑了集体行为的演变。通过考虑不同时间尺度的影响，我们建立了与堆积原因相关的四个假设，这些假设表明该行为：（i）是由母鸡靠近或远离引诱剂/驱虫剂引起的； (ii) 受到社会影响； (iii) 受到早期生活经历的影响； (iv) 可以被描述为一种适应不良的集体行为。我们进一步提出，以下可能是打桩行为的福利后果：热应激、身体伤害（例如龙骨损伤）以及行为和生理应激影响。生产后果包括直接和间接死亡率（分别是堆积的窒息和连锁反应）、对鸡蛋质量和工人福利的潜在负面影响。在未来的研究中，应根据可能发生的不同时间尺度来考虑堆积和窒息的原因。在这里，流行病学和建模方法都可以支持对堆积行为的进一步研究，而实证研究可能具有挑战性。
Piling is a behavior in laying hens whereby individuals aggregate in larger densities than would be normally expected. When piling behavior leads to mortalities it is known as smothering and its frequent but unpredictable occurrence is a major concern for many egg producers. There are generally considered to be three types of piling: panic, nest box and recurring piling. Whilst nest box and panic piling have apparent triggers, recurring piling does not, making it an enigmatic and ethologically intriguing behavior. The repetitive nature of recurring piling may result in a higher incidence of smothering and could have unconsidered, sub-lethal consequences. Here, we consider the possible causes of recurring piling from an ethological perspective and outline the potential welfare and production consequences. Drawing on a wide range of literature, we consider different timescales of causes from immediate triggers to ontogeny and domestication processes, and finally consider the evolution of collective behavior. By considering different timescales of influence, we built four hypotheses relevant to the causes of piling, which state that the behavior: (i) is caused by hens moving toward or away from an attractant/repellent; (ii) is socially influenced; (iii) is influenced by early life experiences and; (iv) can be described as a maladaptive collective behavior. We further propose that the following could be welfare consequences of piling behavior: Heat stress, physical injury (such as keel bone damage), and behavioral and physiological stress effects. Production consequences include direct and indirect mortality (smothering and knock-on effects of piling, respectively), potential negative impacts on egg quality and on worker welfare. In future studies the causes of piling and smothering should be considered according to the different timescales on which causes might occur. Here, both epidemiological and modeling approaches could support further study of piling behavior, where empirical studies can be challenging.
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影响因子：
2
作者：
Alvino, G. M.;Blatchford, R. A.;Mench, J. A.
通讯作者：
Mench, J. A.
影响因子：
2.3
作者：
BRADSHAW, RH
通讯作者：
BRADSHAW, RH
影响因子：
3.2
作者：
Brantsaeter, Margrethe;Nordgreen, Janicke;Janczak, Andrew M.
通讯作者：
Janczak, Andrew M.
影响因子：
2.3
作者：
Campbell, Dana L. M.;Hinch, Geoff N.;Lee, Caroline
通讯作者：
Lee, Caroline
DOI：
10.5713/ajas.2011.11366
发表时间：
2012-05-01
期刊：
ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
影响因子：
--
作者：
Chen, D. H.;Bao, J.
通讯作者：
Bao, J.