Restoration of weed communities in abandoned rice paddy fields in the Tama Hills, central Japan
Restoration of weed communities in abandoned rice paddy fields in the Tama Hills, central Japan
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DOI：
10.1016/j.agee.2006.06.011
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发表时间：
2007-02
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Susumu Yamada;S. Okubo;Yoshiko Kitagawa;K. Takeuchi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Susumu Yamada;S. Okubo;Yoshiko Kitagawa;K. Takeuchi
由于水稻杂草群落随着农业活动的加剧和放弃而下降，保护这些物种变得重要。文化生态系统的恢复通常包括土著管理做法的相应恢复。鉴于稻田的废弃主要是由于成本和劳动力短缺，即使稻田得到恢复，也不太可能恢复一年一度的耕作。因此，为了确认稻田(典型稻田杂草：TPWS)中典型物种组合的存在，并确定如何减少费用和管理负担，我们制定了一个恢复计划，其中重新启动了传统的水稻栽培，并进行了一些修改，例如在废弃10年以上的稻田引入休闲期。我们还调查了当地农民实行低强度耕作的稻田和新废弃的稻田作为参考。通过比较恢复田和对照田的植物区系组成，我们试图达到两个目的：(1)从恢复稻田稻草群落的物种组成来评价恢复计划的效果；(2)确定最佳休耕时期，以减少费用和管理负担。在废弃稻田重新开始农业实践成功地鼓励了TPWS。此外，TPW社区的恢复很快，在恢复计划中没有弹性或替代状态。土壤耕作和水管理似乎是决定恢复成功的主要因素。耕作限制了根茎多年生植物的优势，为矮小的夏季一年生植物提供了栖息地。将淹没作为一种水管理做法通常会阻止大多数TPWS的发生。然而，本研究中平坦的土壤表面为这些物种提供了适宜的条件。休耕一年产生的TPWS丰度在过渡阶段最高，受水稻收获后排水、竞争种发生延迟和不淹水作为农业处理等先期效应的影响。随着休闲期的延长，TPWS数量呈稳步下降趋势。这一证据表明，要使水稻杂草保持在萌发区系中，适宜创造1年休耕条件，即每隔一年耕作一次。
Since paddy weed communities are declining with intensification and abandonment of agricultural activities, protecting these species has become important. The restoration of cultural ecosystems normally includes the concomitant recovery of indigenous management practices. Given that the abandonment of paddy fields is due largely to cost and the shortage of labour, reintroduction of annual farming is unlikely even if paddy fields are restored. Hence, to confirm the occurrence of species assemblages typically represented in rice paddy fields (typical paddy weeds: TPWs) and to determine how to decrease the expense and management burden, we instituted a restoration program in which traditional rice culture was restarted with some modifications such as introducing fallow periods in paddy fields abandoned for more than 10 years. We also investigated cultivated rice paddy fields where local farmers practise low-intensity farming and newly abandoned paddy fields as references. By comparing the floristic composition between restored and reference fields, we sought to meet two objectives: (1) to evaluate the efficacy of the restoration program in terms of the species composition of paddy weed communities in restored paddy fields, and (2) to identify the optimum fallow period to decrease the expense and management burden. Restarting agricultural practices in abandoned paddy fields successfully encouraged TPWs. Moreover, restoration of the TPW community was rapid, with no resilient or alternative state in the restoration program. Soil tillage and water management appeared to be major factors determining the success of the restoration. Tillage restricted the dominance of rhizomatous perennials and provided habitats for low-stature summer annuals. Reintroduction of submergence as a water management practice generally inhibits the occurrence of most TPWs. However, the unlevelled soil surface in the present study provided suitable conditions for these species. One-year fallow produced the highest abundance of TPWs in a transient stage influenced by antecedent effects of rice culture such as drainage after rice harvest, delay of competitive species incidence, and lack of submergence as an agricultural treatment. The number of TPWs declined steadily with increasing fallow period. This evidence indicates that to maintain paddy weeds in the emergent flora, it is appropriate to create 1-year fallow conditions; that is, to cultivate every other year.