The Glass Transition

The Glass Transition
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-662-04365-3
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发表时间：
2001
期刊：
--
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
E. Donth
E. Donth
中科院分区：
其他
文献类型：
--
作者：
E. Donth

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玻璃化转变对于玻璃制造商或从干燥用过的口香糖的普通经验中是众所周知的。当液体熔体或橡胶的温度降低或溶剂被提取而不结晶时，其变成固体玻璃。还有动态效应。液体的粘度在高温下很小，但当冷却到玻璃化温度T时，粘度急剧增加。这种增加是连续的，g约为15个数量级！玻璃化转变的技术重要性不能被高估。导言部分将列举一些例子。玻璃或塑料技术和应用所需的玻璃化转变的大多数实用知识现在都很容易获得。那么问题在哪里呢？在过去的几年里，玻璃化转变的研究大大加强。我们现在每年在昂贵的顶级科学期刊上发表几百篇论文。在1995年《科学》杂志的一份排名中，玻璃化转变属于六大物理学研究领域，沿着的还有破缺电荷、低维几何的物理输入、量子力学中的测量哲学、材料研究中的相干X射线辐射以及超导性的应用。另一方面，玻璃化转变社区以外的感兴趣的人很难确切地看到玻璃化转变问题是什么。此外，即使是内部人士也分成了几个小组，讨论哪个问题对冷液体中的缓慢动力学最重要。
The glass transition is well known to glass makers or from the common ex perience of drying a used chewing gum. A liquid melt or a rubber becomes a solid glass when its temperature is lowered or a solvent is extracted without crystallization. There are also dynamic effects. The viscosity of a liquid is small at high temperatures but increases dramatically as cooling proceeds down to the glass temperature T• The increase is continuous and amounts g to about fifteen orders of magnitude! The technical importance of the glass transition cannot be overestimated. A few examples will be presented in the Introduction. Most practical knowledge of the glass transition needed for glass or plastic technologies and applications is now readily available. Where then is the problem? Inthe last few years, glass transition research has enormously intensified. We now have several hundred papers a year in expensive, top scientific journals. In a 1995 Science magazine ranking, the glass transition belongs to the six major physical quests, along with broken charges, physical input for low-dimensional geometry, measurement philoso phy in quantum mechanics, coherent X-ray radiation for materials research, and applications of superconductivity. On the other hand, interested people outside the glass transition community have difficulty seeing exactly what the glass transition problems are. Inaddition, even insiders split into groups over which question could be the most important for slow dynamics in cold liquids.