The geography of market failure: Edge-effect externalities and the location and production patterns of organic farming
The geography of market failure: Edge-effect externalities and the location and production patterns of organic farming
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.02.002
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发表时间：
2007-02
影响因子：
7
通讯作者：
D. Parker;D. Munroe
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. Parker;D. Munroe
人们对土地日益稀缺的看法以及化学农业的负面影响，导致人们越来越关注粮食系统的可持续性。耕作制度之间不协调的生产过程可能导致相邻农场之间的空间冲突和生产损失，这种损失的程度不仅取决于每项活动的规模，而且还取决于土地使用的模式。这种冲突可以归类为“边缘效应外部性”-空间外部性，其边际影响随着与产生负面影响的边界距离的增加而减少。本文使用来自加州中央谷认证有机农场主的数据，检验了边缘效应外部性影响认证有机农场选址和生产模式的假设。利用景观生态学和空间统计学的概念，我们研究了有机和非有机地块之间地块几何形状和周围土地利用的差异。使用广义矩量法（GMM）空间自回归计量经济模型，我们证明了地块的几何形状和周围的土地利用影响的概率，一个给定的地块被认证为有机。最后，我们提出了政策建议，以鼓励发展有机农业地区。
Perceptions of increasing land scarcity and negative impacts of chemical-based agriculture have led to increasing concern regarding the sustainability of food systems. Incompatible production processes among farming systems may lead to spatial conflicts and production losses between neighboring farms, and the magnitude of such losses may depend not only on the scale of each activity, but also on patterns of land use. Such conflicts can be classified as “edge-effect externalities”—spatial externalities whose marginal impacts decrease as distance from the border generating the negative impact increases. This paper tests the hypothesis that edge-effect externalities have influenced the location and production patterns of certified organic farms, using data from California Central Valley certified organic farmers. Using concepts from landscape ecology and spatial statistics, we investigate difference in parcel geometry and surrounding land uses between organic and non-organic parcels. Using a generalized method of moments (GMM) spatially autoregressive econometric model, we demonstrate that both parcel geometry and surrounding land uses influence the probability of a given parcel being certified organic. We conclude with suggestions for policies to encourage development of organic farming regions.