Troops, Trolls and Troublemakers: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation
Troops, Trolls and Troublemakers: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation
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发表时间：
2017
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通讯作者：
Ricardo Mendes
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作者：
Ricardo Mendes
网络部队是政府、军队或政党团队，致力于通过社交媒体操纵公众舆论。在本工作文件中，我们报告了通常用公共资金建立的具体组织，以帮助确定和管理什么是公众的最佳利益。我们比较了28个国家的此类组织，并根据所使用的信息、效价和沟通策略对其进行了盘点。我们对它们的组织形式进行分类，并从预算和人员配置方面评估它们的能力。这份工作文件总结了第一份关于操纵社交媒体的主要组织的全面清单的结果。我们发现网络部队是一种普遍的全球现象。许多不同的国家雇用大量的人力和资源来管理和操纵网上舆论，有时针对国内受众，有时针对外国公众。最早的有组织操纵社交媒体的报告出现在2010年，到2017年，有28个国家的此类组织的详细信息。纵观28个国家，每个独裁政权都有针对本国民众的社交媒体活动，只有少数几个针对外国公众。相比之下，这个样本中几乎每个民主国家都组织了针对外国公众的社交媒体活动，而政党支持的活动则针对国内选民。·威权政权并不是唯一甚至最擅长有组织地操纵社交媒体的政权。关于政府参与推动公众舆论的最早报道涉及民主国家，而政治传播技术的新创新往往来自政党，并出现在备受瞩目的选举期间。·随着时间的推移，组织网络部队的主要模式已经从涉及尝试通过社交媒体网络操纵公众舆论的军事单位转变为战略传播公司，这些公司从政府那里获得社交媒体活动的合同。
Cyber troops are government, military or political party teams committed to manipulating public opinion over social media. In this working paper, we report on specific organizations created, often with public money, to help define and manage what is in the best interest of the public. We compare such organizations across 28 countries, and inventory them according to the kinds of messages, valences and communication strategies used. We catalogue their organizational forms and evaluate their capacities in terms of budgets and staffing. This working paper summarizes the findings of the first comprehensive inventory of the major organizations behind social media manipulation. We find that cyber troops are a pervasive and global phenomenon. Many different countries employ significant numbers of people and resources to manage and manipulate public opinion online, sometimes targeting domestic audiences and sometimes targeting foreign publics. ·The earliest reports of organized social media manipulation emerged in 2010, and by 2017 there are details on such organizations in 28 countries. ·Looking across the 28 countries, every authoritarian regime has social media campaigns targeting their own populations, while only a few of them target foreign publics. In contrast, almost every democracy in this sample has organized social media campaigns that target foreign publics, while political-party-supported campaigns target domestic voters. ·Authoritarian regimes are not the only or even the best at organized social media manipulation. The earliest reports of government involvement in nudging public opinion involve democracies, and new innovations in political communication technologies often come from political parties and arise during high-profile elections. ·Over time, the primary mode for organizing cyber troops has gone from involving military units that experiment with manipulating public opinion over social media networks to strategic communication firms that take contracts from governments for social media campaigns.