Host and Viral Factors in HIV-Mediated Bystander Apoptosis.

Host and Viral Factors in HIV-Mediated Bystander Apoptosis.
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DOI:
10.3390/v9080237
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发表时间:
2017-08-22
期刊:
Viruses
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Joshi A
Joshi A
中科院分区:
其他
文献类型:
--
作者:
Garg H;Joshi A

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人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染导致CD4T细胞的进行性丧失,主要是通过细胞凋亡的过程。由于HIV感染者感染的细胞数量有限,且细胞凋亡比例极高,因此认为未感染的旁观者细胞的凋亡在这一过程中起着重要作用。HIV感染者的疾病进展是高度可变的,这表明宿主和病毒因素都可能影响HIV介导的细胞凋亡。在病毒因子中,包膜糖蛋白(Env)在旁观者细胞凋亡中的作用已经得到了很好的证明。最近有证据表明,原发患者来源的env诱导细胞凋亡的可变性,强调了env糖蛋白在HIV疾病中的作用。在宿主因素中,作为HIV Env的辅助受体的C-C趋化因子受体5(CCR5)的作用也越来越明显。CCR5基因和启动子的多态性影响CCR5细胞表面的表达,并与细胞凋亡和CD4丢失相关。最后,HIV感染中的慢性免疫激活导致免疫系统中的多种缺陷,最近被证明加速了HIV Env介导的CD4细胞的凋亡。因此,那些影响CCR5表达和/或免疫激活的因素反过来间接调节HIV介导的细胞凋亡,使这一现象变得复杂和多因素。这篇综述探讨了各种宿主和病毒因素在决定HIV介导的旁观者凋亡中的复杂作用。
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections lead to a progressive loss of CD4 T cells primarily via the process of apoptosis. With a limited number of infected cells and vastly disproportionate apoptosis in HIV infected patients, it is believed that apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells plays a significant role in this process. Disease progression in HIV infected individuals is highly variable suggesting that both host and viral factors may influence HIV mediated apoptosis. Amongst the viral factors, the role of Envelope (Env) glycoprotein in bystander apoptosis is well documented. Recent evidence on the variability in apoptosis induction by primary patient derived Envs underscores the role of Env glycoprotein in HIV disease. Amongst the host factors, the role of C-C Chemokine Receptor type 5 (CCR5), a coreceptor for HIV Env, is also becoming increasingly evident. Polymorphisms in the CCR5 gene and promoter affect CCR5 cell surface expression and correlate with both apoptosis and CD4 loss. Finally, chronic immune activation in HIV infections induces multiple defects in the immune system and has recently been shown to accelerate HIV Env mediated CD4 apoptosis. Consequently, those factors that affect CCR5 expression and/or immune activation in turn indirectly regulate HIV mediated apoptosis making this phenomenon both complex and multifactorial. This review explores the complex role of various host and viral factors in determining HIV mediated bystander apoptosis.
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