Seasonal and diurnal evaporation from a deep hypersaline lake: The Dead Sea as a case study
Seasonal and diurnal evaporation from a deep hypersaline lake: The Dead Sea as a case study
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高盐度深湖的季节性和昼夜蒸发：以死海为例
DOI：
10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.04.057
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
6.4
通讯作者：
N. Lensky
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
I. Hamdani;S. Assouline;J. Tanny;I. Lensky;I. Gertman;Z. Mor;N. Lensky
蒸发在湖泊系统中起着重要作用，因为它影响水，能量和溶质预算。水的盐度减少了蒸发，因此影响了湖泊的能量收支，包括储存的热量。在这项研究中，我们探讨了死海，地球上最深，最咸的高盐湖蒸发和其他能量通量的季节和昼夜变化。利用涡动协方差系统、气象站和浮标站连续两年的观测资料，对该海区的水柱特性进行了研究。这些观测结果揭示了天气和中尺度大气环流对湖泊蒸发的影响。蒸发的季节性周期有两个高峰。夏季蒸发高峰与高辐射输入有关。冬季峰值源于深湖的高热量储存，高蒸汽压需求驱动蒸发，结合天气尺度风系统和热不稳定性。在夏季，天气环流是稳定的，提供了一个弱的背景风速（波斯槽），因此，占主导地位的周日风型是由地中海海风（中尺度环流）。在位于极端干旱地区的高盐死海进行的两年涡度相关测量显示，年蒸发率为1.13 ± 0.13 m yr−1。我们探索了几种蒸发模型与直接测量的蒸发，并发现最可靠的是质量传递模型，在这里校准死海。
Evaporation plays a major role in lake systems, as it affects the water, energy and solutes budgets. Water salinity reduces evaporation, and as a result affects the energy budget of the lake, including stored heat. In this study, we explore the seasonal and diurnal variations of evaporation and other energy fluxes over the Dead Sea, the deepest and saltiest hypersaline lake on Earth. We present two consecutive years observations using Eddy Covariance system, meteorological stations and a buoy station measuring the water column properties. These observations reveal the effects of synoptic and mesoscale atmospheric circulation on lake evaporation. The seasonal cycle of evaporation is characterized by two peaks. The summer evaporation peak is related to high radiation inputs. The winter peak stem from the high heat storage of the deep lake, with evaporation driven by high vapor pressure demand, combined with synoptic scale wind systems and thermal instability. In summer, the synoptic circulation is stable, providing a weak background wind velocity (Persian trough), hence, the dominant diurnal wind pattern is induced by the Mediterranean Sea Breeze (mesoscale circulation). The two years of eddy covariance measurements in the hypersaline Dead Sea, located in a hyperarid region, revealed annual evaporation rate of 1.13 ± 0.13 m yr−1. We explored several evaporation models versus the directly measured evaporation, and found that the most reliable is a mass transfer model, that was calibrated here for the Dead Sea.