Ada—the project: the DoD high order language working group
Ada—the project: the DoD high order language working group
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Ada — 项目：国防部高阶语言工作组
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发表时间：
1993
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通讯作者：
Williaam A. Whitaker
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作者：
Williaam A. Whitaker
美国国防部（DoD）高阶语言通用性计划始于1975年，目标是建立一种适用于DoD实时嵌入式计算机系统的单一高阶计算机编程语言。高阶语言工作组（英语：High Order Language Working Group）（HOLWG）负责制定国防部对高阶语言的要求，根据这些要求评估现有的语言，并实现国防部使用所需的最小语言集。努力的其他部分包括朝着最终目标的行政举措。具体来说，国防部指令5000.29规定，新的防御系统应该用国防部“批准”和集中控制的高阶语言编程，国防部指令5000.31给出了批准语言的临时定义列表。HOLWG的语言要求被广泛分发给世界各地的军事和民间团体征求意见。从STRAWMAN到STEELMAN，需求的每一个连续版本都产生了对所提议语言的更精确的定义。在需求开发过程中，确定所生成的需求集对于所有主要的DoD应用（以及类似的大型商业应用）都是必要的和足够的。对几十种现有语言进行了正式评估。得出的结论是，没有现有的语言可以作为国防部的一个单一的公共高阶语言，但一个单一的语言会议基本上所有的要求是可行的和可取的。四个承包商获得资助，生产有竞争力的原型。第一阶段的评估将设计减少到两个，并完成了设计。随后，选择了单一语言设计。后续步骤包括测试和评价语言、控制语言和验证编译程序。编译器的生产和程序开发以及工具环境将由各个服务组件单独完成。对环境和语言控制的一般需求和期望在另一个迭代系列的文档中得到了解决。建立了语言验证能力（测试代码套件）和相关设施，以确保遵守使用“Ada”名称的编译器的语言定义。Ada这个名字最初受到美国国防部拥有的商标的保护。
The Department of Defense (DoD) High Order Language Commonality program began in 1975 with the goal of establishing a single high order computer programming language appropriate for DoD real-time embedded computer systems. A High Order Language Working Group (HOLWG) was chartered to formulate the DoD requirements for High Order Languages, to evaluate existing languages against those requirements, and to implement the minimal set of languages required for DoD use. Other parts of the effort included administrative initiatives toward the eventual goal. Specifically, DoD Directive 5000.29 which provided that new defense systems should be programmed in a DoD “approved” and centrally controlled high order language and DoD Instruction 5000.31 which gave the interim defining list of approved languages. The HOLWG language requirements were widely distributed for comment throughout the military and civil communities worldwide. Each successive version of the requirements, from STRAWMAN through STEELMAN, produced a more refined definition of the proposed language. During the requirement development process, it was determined that the set of requirements generated was both necessary and sufficient for all major DoD applications (and the analogous large commercial applications). Formal evaluations were performed on dozens of existing languages. It was concluded that no existing language could be adopted as a single common high order language for the DoD, but that a single language meeting essentially all the requirements was both feasible and desirable. Four contractors were funded to produce competitive prototypes. A first-phase evaluation reduced the designs to two, which were carried to completion. In turn, a single language design was subsequently chosen. Follow-on steps included the test and evaluation of the language, control of the language and validation of compilers. The production of compilers and a program development and tool environment were to be accomplished separately by the individual Service Components. The general requirements and expectations for the environment and the control of the language were addressed in another iterative series of documents. A language validation capability (the test code suite) and associated facilities were established to assure compliance to the language definition of compilers using the name “Ada”. The name Ada was initially protected by a DoD-owned trademark.