Survey of Sharpshooters in Citrus Orchards with Decline Diseases in Misiones, Argentina
Survey of Sharpshooters in Citrus Orchards with Decline Diseases in Misiones, Argentina
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阿根廷米西奥内斯柑橘园衰退病害调查
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发表时间：
1993
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通讯作者：
M. Hooker
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作者：
Richard F. Lee;M. Beretta;K. Derrick;M. Hooker
Misiones的柑橘果园受到柑橘枯萎病和柑橘斑绿病（CVC）等衰退疾病的影响，这些疾病与木质部栖息细菌有关。1984年6月至1986年6月，用黄色粘捕器对5个树木凋落的果园进行了神枪手及其相关昆虫的调查。最常见的种类是Molomea consolida、Oncometopia facialis、Scoposcartulla oculata、Acrogoniasp。，近玻利维亚、粗索奈西米亚和木犀草。大多数物种的种群数量在夏季达到高峰，在一年中的其他时间较少。个别果园间某些物种的居群存在差异。虽然这些物种中没有一种被证实是CVC的致病因子——挑剔木杆菌（Xylella fastidiosa）的载体，但存在的高种群和多样性表明这种细菌有可能在米西奥尼的柑橘中传播。索引词。枯萎病，柑桔斑黄化病。阿根廷米西奥内斯的柑橘产业因衰退病遭受了严重损失。在20世纪60年代末和70年代，大多数主要由卡尔德隆甜橙在三叶甜橙砧木上组成的种植被一种未知的衰退疾病所消灭（15）。随后，许多果园被种植在粗糙的柠檬、柑橘和其他砧木上的树木所取代。许多衰退的树木被发现受到柑橘枯萎病的影响，这是由树干木质部吸水量低、树干木材锌浓度高和木质部无定形塞的存在所决定的（2,16）。然而，先前描述的疾病综合征（15）包括“果斑”，即产生小而硬的果实，这是最近在巴西描述的柑橘斑绿病（CVC）的特征（7,14），而不是柑橘枯萎病。造成枯萎病的原因尚不清楚，但在佛罗里达州，已经从食用受枯萎病影响的树木的神枪手身上分离出了苛养木杆菌(4)，并且通过给柑橘树接种这种细菌，重现了一些症状(5)。苛养木杆菌与CVC有关（14）。*佛罗里达农业实验站期刊第1辑r - 02920。在Misiones中发现了类似于CVC的基因，并且也与木质部受限的细菌有关(1)。枪手种（蝉科：同翅目）是已知的病媒（13）。摘要本研究旨在了解米西奥内斯柑橘果园中遇到的神枪手、其他相关叶蝉和膜虫的流行情况、季节分布和特征。材料与方法调查的所有果园均位于米西奥内斯最重要的柑橘种植区蒙特卡罗-埃尔多拉多地区。所选果园为：1)施瓦兹-卡尔德隆甜橙三叶橙砧木；2) LibuskyCalderon甜橙上三叶甜橙；Laharraque-Valencia甜橙在20个不同砧木上；4) La Fundadora-Valencia和Westin甜橙在6种不同的砧木上；jonza - valencia甜橙放在粗糙的柠檬砧木上。前四个地点有许多树木受到衰退的影响，而第五个地点则没有这个问题。如前所述，使用黄色粘捕器对神枪手种群进行采样（18）。在每个取样日，在离地约1.5 m的柑橘斑绿树东南侧每个果园悬挂20个诱捕器。陷阱每隔三棵树放置两行。陷阱暴露了大约10天，然后移除，神枪手们开始计数。1984年6月至1986年6月在所有场址进行了每两个月一次的调查。鉴定样品保存在70%乙醇中。大多数鉴定都是基于Young（19）的工作。
Citrus orchards in Misiones are affected by decline diseases such as citrus blight and citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) which have been associated with xylem-inhabiting bacteria. Five orchards with declining trees were surveyed from June 1984 to June 1986 for the presence of sharpshooters and related insects using yellow sticky traps. The most common species encountered were Molomea consolida, Oncometopia facialis, Scoposcartulla oculata, Acrogoniasp., Scaphytopiusnear bolivianus, Sonesimia grossa, and Ceresa ustulata. Populations of most species peaked in the summer months and were lower at other times of the year. There were differences in populations of some species among the individual orchards. Although none of these species are proven vectors of Xylella fastidiosa, the causal agent of CVC, the high populations and diversity of sharpshooters present indicate that there is potential for spread of this bacterium in citrus in Misiones. Index words. blight, citrus variegated chlorosis. The citrus industry of Misiones, Argentina has suffered severe losses due to decline diseases. In the late 1960s and the 1970s, most plantings, which consisted primarily of Calderon sweet orange on trifoliate orange rootstock, were eliminated by an unknown decline disease (15). Subsequently, many orchards were replaced with trees on rough lemon, citranges, and other rootstocks. Many of the declining trees were found to be affected by citrus blight as determined by low water uptake in trunk xylem, high zinc concentrations in trunk wood, and the presence of amorphous plugs in the xylem (2, 16). However, the disease syndrome described previously (15) included "fruta bolita," the production of small, hard fruit which is more characteristic of citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) described recently in Brazil (7, 14) than of citrus blight. The cause of blight is unknown, but Xylella fastidiosa has been isolated from sharpshooters fed on blight-affected trees in Florida (4), and some of the symptoms have been reproduced by inoculation of citrus trees with this bacterium (5). Xylella fastidiosa is associated with CVC (14). Symptoms *Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. R-02920. similar to those of CVC have been found in Misiones and are also associated with a xylem-limited bacterium (1). Sharpshooter species (Cicadellidae: Homoptera) are known vectors of X. fastidiosa (13). The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence, seasonal occurrence and identity of sharpshooters, other related leafhoppers, and membracids encountered in citrus orchards in Misiones. MATERIALS AND METHODS All orchards surveyed were located in the Montecarlo-Eldorado area, the most important citrus-growing area of Misiones. The orchards selected were: 1) Schwarz-Calderon sweet orange on trifoliate orange rootstock; 2) LibuskyCalderon sweet orange on trifoliate sweet orange; 3) Laharraque-Valencia sweet orange on 20 different rootstocks; 4) La Fundadora-Valencia and Westin sweet orange on six different rootstocks; 5) Jontza-Valencia sweet orange on rough lemon rootstock. The first four sites had many trees affected by declines, whereas the fifth was free of the problem. Yellow sticky traps were used to sample sharpshooter populations as described previously (18). On each sample date, 20 traps were hung in each orchard on the southeast side of the Citrus Variegated Chlorosis tree about 1.5 m above the ground. Traps were placed in two rows on every third tree. Traps were exposed for about 10 days, removed, and the sharpshooters counted. Bimonthly surveys from all sites were made from June 1984 to June 1986. Samples for identification were stored in 70% ethanol. Most identifications were based on the work of Young (19).