The Development of Chinese Leishmania in Phlebotomus major var. chinensis and P. sergenti var
The Development of Chinese Leishmania in Phlebotomus major var. chinensis and P. sergenti var
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DOI：
10.1098/rspb.1927.0021
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发表时间：
1927-05
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
W. S. Patton;E. Hindle
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
W. S. Patton;E. Hindle
尽管自从Sergent（1905）提出白蛉可能是传播东方疱疹的罪魁祸首至今已有20多年，但直到1921年才出现支持这一假设的直接证据。在那一年，Sergent, Parrott， Donatien和Beguet（1921）从感染了东方疱疹的社区收集了大量的papatasii，并将其内容物接种到人类受试者身上；随后，在接种部位出现特征性病变，从中恢复典型的利什曼原虫。同样，Aragao（1922）通过接种13天前以巴西利什曼病患者为食的碎白蛉（中间疟原虫），在一只狗身上产生了含有利什曼病的皮肤结节。然而，诺尔斯、纳皮尔和史密斯（1924年）首次证明了利什曼原虫在白蛉体内的发展，他们在加尔各答以Kala Azar病人为食的阿根廷白蛉的肠道中发现了鞭毛虫。印度Kala Azar委员会随后的调查证实并扩大了这一发现。在阿萨姆邦工作的Christophers， Shortt和Barraud （1925， A和B）还发现，L. donovani在以合适病例为食的阿根廷弧菌的中肠中发育；感染在第五天发展得特别好，发现鞭毛虫附着在肠壁上，一直到咽的后端。最后，Shortt， Barraud和Craighead（1926）将这一发展推进了一个阶段，他们证明了鞭毛虫存在于口腔中，靠近咬伤部位的开端。这些结果，加上印度黑热病委员会第一号报告（1926年）中记录的仔细的流行病学调查，似乎证明了该委员会的观点是正确的，即白蛉可能是黑热病寄生虫的媒介。此外，Adler和Theodor（1926）最近的观察表明，在这种与利什曼原虫密切相关的物种中，白蛉肯定能够以感染形式庇护生物体，他们成功地通过接种以前以感染病例为食的papatasii的消化道中的鞭毛虫来产生东方疮感染。
Although it is now more than twenty years since Sergent (1905) suggested the possibility of Phlebotomus being responsible for the transmission of Oriental Sore, it was not until 1921 that any direct evidence was produced in support of this hypothesis. In that year Sergent, Parrott, Donatien and Beguet (1921) collected a large number of P. papatasii from a neighbourhood infected with Oriental Sore and inoculated their contents into human subjects ; subsequently, the characteristic lesions developed at the sites of inoculation, from which typical Leishmania were recovered. Similarly, Aragao (1922) produced in a dog a cutaneous nodule containing Leishmania , by inoculating crushed sandflies ( P. intermedius ) that had been fed on a case of Brazilian Leishmaniasis 13 days previously. The first demonstration of the development of Leishmania in the sandfly, however, was furnished by Knowles, Napier and Smith (1924), who found flagellates in the gut of Phlebotomus argentipes fed on Kala Azar patients in Calcutta. This discovery has been confirmed and extended by the subsequent investigations of the Indian Kala Azar Commission. Christophers, Shortt and Barraud (1925, A and B), working in Assam, also found that L. donovani developed in the midgut of P. argentipes fed on suitable cases ; the infection was especially well developed on the fifth day, the flagellates being found attached to the wall of the gut up to the hinder end of the pharynx. Finally, Shortt, Barraud and Craighead (1926) carried the development a stage further by demonstrating the presence of flagellates in the buccal cavity, in close proximity to the commencement of the biting parts. These results, combined with the careful epidemiological investigations recorded in Report No. 1 of the Indian Kala Azar Commission (1926), would seem to justify the view held by this Commission that the sandfly is probably the vector of the parasite of Kala Azar. Moreover, the recent observations of Adler and Theodor (1926), who succeeded in producing infection with Oriental Sore by the inoculation of flagellates from the alimentary canal of P. papatasii previously fed on an infected case, shows that in this closely related species of Leishmania , the sandfly is certainly capable of harbouring the organism in an infective form.