Queer Presences and Absences
Queer Presences and Absences
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酷儿的存在和缺席
DOI：
10.1057/9781137314352_4
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Stella F
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Stella F
本章通过关注酷儿和俄罗斯研究中的显着缺失，即苏联俄罗斯（1917-89）参与同性关系的妇女的生活，为当前关于酷儿存在和缺席的争论做出贡献。直到最近，在苏联社会的现有记录中，酷儿生活，尤其是女同性恋生活，一直因其缺席和隐形而引人注目。自 20 世纪 90 年代以来，一些开创性的研究开始揭示它们隐藏的历史；然而，现有的工作几乎完全集中在通过探索有关同性恋或苏联战俘营中同性欲望的医学和法律话语来关注国家强制监管同性欲望的机制（Engelstein，1995；Zhuk，1998；Healey，2001；Kuntsman，2009）。尽管对苏联酷儿的生活提供了非常有价值的见解，但现有的研究主要基于档案和文献资料，例如警察记录、法庭文件、医学研究和古拉格囚犯的回忆录。因此，除了少数例外（Rotkirch，2002），文献都优先考虑专业人士或目击者的观点，而不是酷儿本身，并且非常关注诊所和战俘营的环境，在这些地方，同性恋受到苏联国家的象征性限制。本章将焦点转移到诊所和战俘营之外经历同性欲望的女性的日常生活，借鉴了对 24 名在苏联时期社会化并意识到自己对女性的吸引力的女性的传记采访。本章的目的是反思是什么让这些生活如此不可见，以及对这些生活的探索可以告诉我们更广泛的苏联社会对同性欲望的社会监管。研究结果表明，有必要重新评估苏联医疗机构试图“治愈”女性欲望的程度，并强调苏联性别秩序（Ashwin，2000）和苏联社会的社会经济组织在塑造女性经历和表达同性方面的作用。
This chapter contributes to current debates about queer presences and absences by focusing on a notable absence in both queer and Russian studies, namely that of the lives of women involved in same-sex relations in Soviet Russia (1917–89). Until very recently, in existing accounts of Soviet society, queer lives, and lesbian lives even more so, have been notable by their absence and invisibility. Since the 1990s, a handful of pioneering studies has begun to uncover their hidden history; however, existing work has almost exclusively focused on state-enforced mechanisms of regulation of same-sex desire by exploring medical and legal discourses on homosexuality, or same-sex desire in Soviet prison camps (Engelstein, 1995; Zhuk, 1998; Healey, 2001; Kuntsman, 2009). While offering very valuable insights into the lives of Soviet queers, existing research has mostly been based on archival and documentary sources such as police records, court documents, medical studies and the memoirs of GULag prisoners. Thus, with few exceptions (Rotkirch, 2002), the literature has privileged the perspective of professionals or witnesses, rather than queers themselves, and focused very heavily on the environments of the clinic and the prison camp, where homosexuality was symbolically confined by the Soviet state. This chapter shifts the focus to the everyday lives of women experiencing same-sex desire beyond the confine of the clinic and the prison camp, drawing on biographical interviews with 24 women who were socialised and became aware of their attraction to women during the Soviet period. The aim of the chapter is to reflect on what made these lives so invisible, and what an exploration of these lives can tell us about the social regulation of same-sex desire in Soviet society more broadly. Findings point to the need to reassess the extent to which the Soviet medical establishment attempted to ‘cure’women of their desires, and emphasise instead the role of the Soviet gender order (Ashwin, 2000) and of the socio-economic organisation of Soviet society in shaping women’s experiences and in making expressions of same-sex