Downgrading, Downsizing, Degazettement, and Reclassification of Protected Areas in Brazil
Downgrading, Downsizing, Degazettement, and Reclassification of Protected Areas in Brazil
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DOI：
10.1111/cobi.12298
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发表时间：
2014-08-01
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
Araujo, E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bernard, E.;Penna, L. A. O.;Araujo, E.
保护区是生物多样性保护和生态系统服务的关键要素。巴西拥有世界上最大的保护区系统，占地约2.2亿公顷。该系统在1990年代中期至2000年代中期迅速扩大。然而，最近在巴西发生的事件导致了巴勒斯坦权力机构降级、缩小规模和撤销公报的增加。这是否反映了该国巴勒斯坦权力机构政策的转变？我们分析了巴西PA边界和类别变化的发生，频率，幅度，类型，空间分布和原因。我们确定了1981年至2012年的93起PADDD事件。自2008年以来，这类事件的发生频率有所增加，主要归因于亚马孙地区的发电和输电。在巴西的公园和保护区，730万公顷受到PADDD事件的影响，其中520万公顷受到缩小规模或取消公告的影响。此外，联邦议会正在审议的项目可能仅在亚马逊河流域就取消了210万公顷的巴勒斯坦权力机构土地。在巴西，放宽现有保护区的保护地位在政治上被证明是容易的，最近PADDD的频率和范围的增加反映了政府政策的变化。政府机构利用财政和人力资源及监督方面的长期不足、土地保有权纠纷以及巴西司法的缓慢，在未与民间社会协商的情况下执行《防治荒漠化和干旱十年行动计划》。如果公园和保护区要保持其完整性，就需要对巴西保护区进行投资，并更好地了解保护区提供的好处。
Protected areas (PAs) are key elements for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services. Brazil has the largest PA system in the world, covering approximately 220 million ha. This system expanded rapidly in the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s. Recent events in Brazil, however, have led to an increase in PA downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD). Does this reflect a shift in the country's PA policy? We analyzed the occurrence, frequency, magnitude, type, spatial distribution, and causes of changes in PA boundaries and categories in Brazil. We identified 93 PADDD events from 1981 to 2012. Such events increased in frequency since 2008 and were ascribed primarily to generation and transmission of electricity in Amazonia. In Brazilian parks and reserves, 7.3 million ha were affected by PADDD events, and of these, 5.2 million ha were affected by downsizing or degazetting. Moreover, projects being considered by the Federal Congress may degazette 2.1 million ha of PA in Amazonia alone. Relaxing the protection status of existing PAs is proving to be politically easy in Brazil, and the recent increase in frequency and extension of PADDD reflects a change in governmental policy. By taking advantage of chronic deficiencies in financial and personnel resources and surveillance, disputes over land tenure, and the slowness of the Brazilian justice, government agencies have been implementing PADDD without consultation of civil society. If parks and reserves are to maintain their integrity, there will need to be investments in Brazilian PAs and a better understanding of the benefits PAs provide.