Bridging the Accountability Gap
Bridging the Accountability Gap
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弥合责任差距
DOI：
10.1093/jicj/mqaa026
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发表时间：
2020
影响因子：
0.9
通讯作者：
Jöbstl H
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jöbstl H
在非国际武装冲突期间，在国家当局无法执法的地区，战争罪往往不受惩罚。虽然国家根据习惯法有义务调查和起诉在其领土上或由其国民犯下的战争罪，但红十字国际委员会的习惯国际人道主义法研究报告没有发现这一义务延伸到武装的非国家行为者。然而，指挥责任要求指挥官个人在发生战争罪行时惩罚其部队，过去二十年来，可以看到越来越多的国家实践要求这些行为者作出类似的承诺-法律上和政治上的承诺。实际上，国安局经常对其下属实施刑事制裁，并为此设立司法机构。本文认为，虽然ANSA应该承担某种形式的确保问责制的义务，但临时法庭和刑事诉讼的替代解决方案可能更适合防止有罪不罚现象并维护公平审判保障。
During non-international armed conflict, war crimes often go unpunished in areas where state authorities are unable to enforce the law. While states are under a customary law obligation to investigate and prosecute war crimes committed on their territory or by their nationals, the Customary International Humanitarian Law Study of the International Committee of the Red Cross has not found that this obligation extends to armed non-state actors (ANSAs). Nevertheless, command responsibility requires the individual commander to punish their forces in case war crimes have been committed and a growing amount of state practice demanding similar commitments — both legally and politically — from these actors as such can be observed over the past two decades. Indeed, ANSAs routinely impose penal sanctions onto their subordinates and often establish judicial structures in order to do so. This article argues that whereas ANSAs should be under some form of obligation to ensure accountability, alternative solutions to makeshift courts and penal proceedings might be better suited to prevent impunity and maintain fair trial guarantees.