Determinants and co-expression of anti-predator responses in amphibian tadpoles: a meta-analysis
Determinants and co-expression of anti-predator responses in amphibian tadpoles: a meta-analysis
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DOI：
10.1111/oik.03305
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发表时间：
2017-02-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Murray-, Dennis L.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hossie, Thomas;Landolt, Kristen;Murray-, Dennis L.
许多类群通过诱导防御对感知捕食风险（PPR）做出反应，并且许多猎物能够对同一风险事件做出行为和形态上的反应。在多种防御通过独立方式（即它们在机制上独立）提供保护的情况下，反应将共同表达，或者一种防御的表达将限制沿另一轴响应的能力（或需要）。我们对这些模式产生广泛理解的能力受到限制，部分原因在于比较采用不同实验方案的研究结果的困难。利用有关蝌蚪对 PPR 反应的大量文献，我们进行了荟萃分析，以确定诱导防御表达的生态和实验决定因素。然后，我们评估了 PPR 沿行为反应轴与形态反应轴的反应强度是否呈正相关或负相关。蝌蚪对感知风险最常见的量化反应包括运动和游泳行为的减少以及尾部形态的改变。我们的分析表明，蝌蚪的行为反应受到猎物家族、捕食者分类群、捕食者的进化历史（本地与非本地）、捕食者消耗的猎物数量以及如何操纵感知风险（例如警报提示的存在与不存在）的强烈影响。尾部形态同样受到这些因素的影响，而且还受到目标猎物是否适合捕食者的影响。因此，我们的结果确定了对蝌蚪对 PPR 反应观察到的效应大小有重要影响的生态和实验特征。在对行为和形态反应进行测量的研究中，两者之间存在正相关性，这表明性状共特化是两栖动物幼虫防御部署的主要模式。这种正相关表明，蝌蚪的存活率往往是通过多个独立保护轴的等效共同激活来最大化，而不是沿着任何单个轴的最大表达。
A wide range of taxa respond to perceived predation risk (PPR) through inducible defenses, and many prey are capable of responding both behaviorally and morphologically to the same risk event. In cases where multiple defenses confer protection by independent means (i.e. they are mechanistically independent) responses will either be co-expressed, or the expression of one defense will limit the capacity (or need) to respond along another axis. Our ability to generate a broad understanding of these patters has been limited, in part, by difficulties in comparing results across studies that employ distinct experimental protocols. Using the extensive literature on tadpole responses to PPR, we conducted a meta-analysis to identify the ecological and experimental determinants of inducible defence expression. We then assessed whether the magnitude of response to PPR along behavioural versus morphological response axes was positively, or negatively, correlated. The most commonly quantified responses to perceived risk in tadpoles included reductions in movement and swimming behaviour, and altered tail morphology. Our analyses reveal that tadpole behavioural responses are strongly influenced by prey family, predator taxon, evolutionary history with the predator (native versus non-native), amount of prey consumed by the predator, and how perceived risk was manipulated (e.g. presence versus absence of alarm cues). Tail morphology was similarly influenced by these factors, but also whether the target prey was palatable to predators. Thus, our results identify ecological and experimental features that critically influence the observed effect size in tadpole responses to PPR. A positive correlation between behavioural and morphological responses in studies where both were measured indicates that trait co-specialization is the predominant pattern of defense deployment in larval amphibians. This positive relationship suggests that survival tends to be maximized in tadpoles through equivalent co-activation of multiple independent axes of protection, opposed to maximal expression along any single axis.