Phthalates in German daycare centers: Occurrence in air and dust and the excretion of their metabolites by children (LUPE 3)
Phthalates in German daycare centers: Occurrence in air and dust and the excretion of their metabolites by children (LUPE 3)
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envint.2013.09.006
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发表时间：
2013-11-01
影响因子：
11.8
通讯作者：
Voelkel, W.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fromme, H.;Lahrz, T.;Voelkel, W.
邻苯二甲酸酯已大量使用了几十年，导致人口的无处不在的暴露。在对63家德国日托中心的调查中，分析了室内空气和灰尘样本中10种邻苯二甲酸二酯的存在。此外，从663名儿童参加这些设施的尿液样本中，10个初级和次级邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物进行了定量。此外，对150名儿童在周末后和去日托中心前的尿样进行了检测，在室内空气中发现了邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯（DiBP）、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯（DnBP）和邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP），其中位数分别为468、227和194 ng/m3。在粉尘中，DEHP的中位数为888 mg/kg，邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯（DiNP）的中位数为302 mg/kg。室内空气中邻苯二甲酸酯总浓度的55%是由DnBP和DiBP共同造成的，而灰尘中邻苯二甲酸酯总浓度的70%和24%是由DEHP和DiNP共同造成的。尿液样本中DiBP单酯的中位浓度为44.7 μ g/l，DnBP单酯的中位浓度为32.4 μ g/l，两种DEHP次级代谢物分别为16.5 μ g/l和17.9 μ g/l。对于某些邻苯二甲酸酯，我们使用双变量分析观察到其在室内空气和灰尘中的浓度与尿液标本中相应代谢物之间存在显著相关性。在多变量分析中，在控制室内空气中的浓度后，灰尘中的浓度与尿代谢物排泄无关。根据生物监测数据计算的第95个月的每日“高”摄入量为14.1微克/千克体重。DiNP和11.9 μ g/kg b.w. DEHP。与每日耐受摄入量（TDI）值相比，我们的“高”摄入量为DiBP TDI值的62%，DnBP为49%，DEHP为24%，DiNP为9%。对于DiBP，2.4%的人的每日总摄入量超过TDI值。使用DEHP、DnBP和DiBP总和的累积风险评估方法，20%的儿童浓度超过危险指数1。因此，需要进一步减少儿童的邻苯二甲酸酯暴露。(C)2013爱思唯尔有限公司保留所有权利。
Phthalates have been used for decades in large quantities, leading to the ubiquitous exposure of the population. In an investigation of 63 German daycare centers, indoor air and dust samples were analyzed for the presence of 10 phthalate diesters. Moreover, 10 primary and secondary phthalate metabolites were quantified in urine samples from 663 children attending these facilities. In addition, the urine specimens of 150 children were collected after the weekend and before they went to daycare centers.Di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP), dibutyl phthalate (DnBP), and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were found in the indoor air, with median values of 468, 227, and 194 ng/m(3), respectively. In the dust, median values of 888 mg/kg for DEHP and 302 mg/kg for di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP) were observed. DnBP and DiBP were together responsible for 55% of the total phthalate concentration in the indoor air, whereas DEHP and DiNP were responsible for 70% and 24% of the total phthalate concentration in the dust.Median concentrations in the urine specimens were 44.7 mu g/l for the DiBP monoester, 32.4 mu g/l for the DnBP monoester, and 16.5 mu g/l and 17.9 mu g/l for the two secondary DEHP metabolites. For some phthalates, we observed significant correlations between their concentrations in the indoor air and dust and their corresponding metabolites in the urine specimens using bivariate analyses. In multivariate analyses, the concentrations in dust were not associated with urinary metabolite excretion after controlling for the concentrations in the indoor air. The total daily "high" intake levels based on the 95th percentiles calculated from the biomonitoring data were 14.1 mu g/kg b.w. for DiNP and 11.9 mu g/kg b.w. for DEHP. Compared with tolerable daily intake (TDI) values, our "high" intake was 62% of the TDI value for DiBP, 49% for DnBP, 24% for DEHP, and 9% for DiNP. For DiBP, the total daily intake exceeded the TDI value for 2.4% of the individuals. Using a cumulative risk-assessment approach for the sum of DEHP, DnBP, and DiBP, 20% of the children had concentrations exceeding the hazard index of one. Therefore, a further reduction of the phthalate exposure of children is needed. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.