Transnational Returns and Reconstruction in Post‐war Bosnia and Herzegovina
Transnational Returns and Reconstruction in Post‐war Bosnia and Herzegovina
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战后波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那的跨国回归与重建
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发表时间：
2006
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通讯作者：
Marita Eastmond
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作者：
Marita Eastmond
难民和流离失所者的返回一直是国际社会致力于扭转战后波斯尼亚-黑塞哥维那境内“种族清洗”的一个重要优先事项。难民返回和重新融入社会作为一种持久解决办法，在深刻变化和不确定的条件下，很少不会出现问题，在波斯尼亚，这种返回的可持续性，特别是少数民族返回的可持续性，仍然令人极为关切。本文探讨了返回波斯尼亚难民采取这种不确定性的战略，并指出他们发生的跨国空间。所述回返战略的期限不同，往往是在既定政策和方案之外实施的，其依据是需要在不同地方保持选择余地。虽然政策往往将难民返回界定为一次明确的返回原籍国或原籍地的行动，但跨国观点表明，返回的概念最好是一个动态的、不限时间的过程，这一过程可能持续很长时间，涉及不同地点之间的流动以及与庇护国人民和资源的积极联系。跨国战略还包括许多在国外的难民，他们保留在波斯尼亚被收回的住房，并定期访问其中一些人，停留更长的时间，为以后永久返回做准备。在这种跨国动态中，难民和返回者并不总是明确的类别，因为两者都可能在两端流动并将两端的资源联合收割机结合起来。跨国的观点也使人们对“家园”的概念产生了疑问，因为“家园”是与一个特定的地方或民族社区联系在一起的。如果家不仅仅是一个地方或一个物理结构，而且还是一个社会关系和文化意义的场所，那么它很可能延伸到几个地方，每个地方对相关的人来说都有自己特定的关系和意义。因此，家园的这种跨国性是对简单化的“遣返”或“返回”概念的挑战。相反，正如本文所示，重建的家园可能是translocal的，每个地方都成为一个新家园的一部分。从跨国流动性和归属感的角度重新思考难民返回问题，也提出了新的方法，可以从概念上认识到在国外重建大量难民人口的潜力。政策和援助计划如何利用技能和持续的跨国参与，尤其是许多现在在国外接受高等教育的波斯尼亚年轻人的技能和持续的跨国参与，还有待制定。（作者）
The return of refugees and displaced persons has been a strong priority in the international commitment to reverse "ethnic cleansing" in Bosnia and Herzegovina after the war. Return and reintegration of refugees as a durable solution in profoundly changed and uncertain conditions are rarely unproblematic and in Bosnia the sustainability of such returns especially minority returns remains of great concern. This article examines the strategies of return which Bosnian refugees adopt given such uncertainties and points to the transnational space in which they occur. The return strategies described are of different duration often take place outside of established policies and programmes and are based on the need to keep options open in different places. While policies have tended to define refugee return as a single and definitive move to the country or place of origin the transnational perspective suggests that return be better conceptualized as a dynamic and open-ended process one which may extend over long periods of time involving mobility between places and active links to people and resources in the country of asylum. Transnational strategies also include the many refugees abroad who hold on to their repossessed houses in Bosnia and visit regularly some of them for longer periods and in preparation for returning permanently at a later date. In such a transnational dynamic refugees and returnees are not always clear-cut categories as both may move between and combine resources at both ends. The transnational perspective also throws into question notions of "home" as something bound to one particular locality or national community. If home is not just a place or a physical structure but also a site of social relations and cultural meanings it may well extend to several places each one of which may hold its own particular sets of relations and meanings to those concerned. This transnational dimension of home is thus a challenge to notions of "repatriation" or "return" in the simplistic mode. Instead as this paper shows the reconstructed home may be translocal where each locality becomes part of a new home. Rethinking return of refugees in terms of transnational mobility and belonging also suggests new ways of conceptualizing the potential for reconstruction of a large refugee population abroad. How policies and assistance programmes may capitalize on the skills and continued transnational engagements not least of the many young Bosnians now acquiring higher education abroad has yet to be developed. (authors)