The contextual effects of social capital on health: a cross-national instrumental variable analysis.
The contextual effects of social capital on health: a cross-national instrumental variable analysis.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.09.019
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发表时间：
2011-12
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
Kawachi, Ichiro
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kim, Daniel;Baum, Christopher F.;Ganz, Michael L.;Subramanian, S. V.;Kawachi, Ichiro
关键词：
过去的观察性研究的地区水平/上下文的社会资本与健康的关联揭示了相互矛盾的结果。然而，解释这一快速增长的文献是困难的，因为使用传统回归的估计容易产生主要的偏倚来源，包括残余混杂和反向因果关系。工具变量（IV）分析可以减少这种偏差。使用欧洲和世界价值观调查中64个国家的167344名成年人的数据，并应用IV和普通最小二乘（OLS）回归，我们估计了国家一级社会信任对个人自测健康的背景影响。我们进一步探讨了这些协会是否因性别和个人信任水平而异。使用OLS回归，我们发现，在女性和男性中，较高的平均国家级信任与更好的自我评价健康相关。工具变量分析得出了质量上类似的结果，尽管使用国家人口密度和腐败作为工具得出的男女估计数相差一倍以上。将一个国家信任他人的人口比例提高10个百分点所产生的健康影响估计至少与个人对他人产生信任的健康影响估计一样大。这些发现对替代模型规格和工具具有稳健性。传统的回归和在较小程度上IV分析表明，这些协会是更突出的妇女和妇女报告的社会信任。在一项大型跨国研究中，我们的研究结果，包括那些使用工具变量的研究结果，支持了较高的国家级信任对自测健康的有益影响。过去使用传统回归的背景社会资本的研究结果可能低估了真正的关联。鉴于自测健康与全因死亡率之间的密切联系，提高国家内部的社会资本可能会带来巨大的公共卫生收益。
Past observational studies of the associations of area-level/contextual social capital with health have revealed conflicting findings. However, interpreting this rapidly growing literature is difficult because estimates using conventional regression are prone to major sources of bias including residual confounding and reverse causation. Instrumental variable (IV) analysis can reduce such bias. Using data on up to 167 344 adults in 64 nations in the European and World Values Surveys and applying IV and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, we estimated the contextual effects of country-level social trust on individual self-rated health. We further explored whether these associations varied by gender and individual levels of trust. Using OLS regression, we found higher average country-level trust to be associated with better self-rated health in both women and men. Instrumental variable analysis yielded qualitatively similar results, although the estimates were more than double in size in women and men using country population density and corruption as instruments. The estimated health effects of raising the percentage of a country's population that trusts others by 10 percentage points were at least as large as the estimated health effects of an individual developing trust in others. These findings were robust to alternative model specifications and instruments. Conventional regression and to a lesser extent IV analysis suggested that these associations are more salient in women and in women reporting social trust. In a large cross-national study, our findings, including those using instrumental variables, support the presence of beneficial effects of higher country-level trust on self-rated health. Past findings for contextual social capital using traditional regression may have underestimated the true associations. Given the close linkages between self-rated health and all-cause mortality, the public health gains from raising social capital within countries may be large.
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DOI：
10.1098/rstb.2004.1522
发表时间：
2004-09-29
影响因子：
6.3
作者：
Helliwell, JF;Putnam, RD
通讯作者：
Putnam, RD
影响因子：
4.2
作者：
Brehm, J;Rahn, W
通讯作者：
Rahn, W
影响因子：
12.7
作者：
Fish, Jason S.;Ettner, Susan;Brown, Arleen F.
通讯作者：
Brown, Arleen F.
影响因子：
5
作者：
Idler, EL;Benyamini, Y
通讯作者：
Benyamini, Y
影响因子：
8.4
作者：
Angrist, JD;Krueger, AB
通讯作者：
Krueger, AB